§2.2.11λυπεῖ γὰρ μᾶλλον τὸ πολὺ παρὰ δόξαν, ὥσπερ καὶ τέρπει τὸ πολὺ παρὰ δόξαν, ἐὰν γένηται ὃ βούλεται·
For what is far contrary to expectation causes more pain, just as what is far contrary to expectation also pleases, if what one wishes happens.
διὸ καὶ ὧραι καὶ χρόνοι καὶ διαθέσεις καὶ ἡλικίαι ἐκ τούτων φανεραί, ποῖαι εὐκίνητοι πρὸς ὀργὴν καὶ ποῦ καὶ πότε, καὶ ὅτε μᾶλλον ἐν τούτοις εἰσί, μᾶλλον καὶ εὐκίνητοι.
Therefore, it is clear from these things what kinds of seasons, times, states, and ages are easily moved to anger, and where and when, and that when they are more in these, they are also more easily moved.
§2.2.12αὐτοὶ μὲν οὖν οὕτως ἔχοντες εὐκίνητοι πρὸς ὀργήν, ὀργίζονται δὲ τοῖς τε καταγελῶσι καὶ χλευάζουσιν καὶ σκώπτουσιν (ὑβρίζουσι γάρ), καὶ τοῖς τὰ τοιαῦτα βλάπτουσιν ὅσα ὕβρεως σημεῖα·
When they themselves, then, are in this state, they are easily moved to anger, and they are angry with those who laugh at, mock, and scoff at them (for they insult them), and with those who do them such harms as are signs of insult.
ἀνάγκη δὲ τοιαῦτα εἶναι ἃ μήτε ἀντί τινος μήτʼ ὠφέλιμα τοῖς ποιοῦσιν· ἤδη γὰρ δοκεῖ διʼ ὕβριν.
And it is necessary that such harms are those which are neither in retaliation for anything nor beneficial to those who do them; for then they already seem to be on account of insult.
§2.2.13καὶ τοῖς κακῶς λέγουσι καὶ καταφρονοῦσι περὶ ὧν αὐτοὶ μάλιστα σπουδάζουσιν, οἷον οἱ ἐπὶ φιλοσοφίᾳ φιλοτιμούμενοι ἐάν τις εἰς τὴν φιλοσοφίαν, οἱ δʼ ἐπὶ τῇ ἰδέᾳ ἐάν τις εἰς τὴν ἰδέαν, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων·
And with those who speak ill of and show contempt for those things which they themselves are most serious about; as, for instance, those who pride themselves on philosophy if anyone speaks ill of philosophy, and those who pride themselves on their appearance if anyone speaks ill of their appearance, and likewise in other cases.
§2.2.14ταῦτα δὲ πολλῷ μᾶλλον, ἐὰν ὑποπτεύσωσι μὴ ὑπάρχειν αὑτοῖς, ἢ ὅλως ἢ μὴ ἰσχυρῶς, ἢ μὴ δοκεῖν·
And they are much more angry at these things if they suspect that these advantages do not belong to them, either at all or not strongly, or do not seem to belong to them.
ἐπειδὰν γὰρ σφόδρα οἴωνται ὑπερέχειν ἐν τούτοις ἐν οἷς σκώπτονται, οὐ φροντίζουσιν.
For when they strongly believe that they excel in those things in which they are scoffed at, they do not care.
§2.2.15καὶ τοῖς φίλοις μᾶλλον ἢ τοῖς μὴ φίλοις· οἴονται γὰρ προσήκειν μᾶλλον πάσχειν εὖ ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ἢ μή.
And with friends more than with those who are not friends; for they think they ought rather to be well treated by them than not.
§2.2.16καὶ τοῖς εἰθισμένοις τιμᾶν ἢ φροντίζειν, ἐὰν πάλιν μὴ οὕτως ὁμιλῶσιν· καὶ γὰρ ὑπὸ τούτων οἴονται καταφρονεῖσθαι· ταὐτὰ γὰρ ἂν ποιεῖν.
And with those accustomed to honor or care for them, if they do not associate with them in the same way again; for by these too they think they are contemned; for otherwise they would do the same things.
§2.2.17καὶ τοῖς μὴ ἀντιποιοῦσιν εὖ μηδὲ τὴν ἴσην ἀνταποδιδοῦσιν.
And with those who do not return a favor or do not return an equal one.
καὶ τοῖς τἀναντία ποιοῦσιν αὐτοῖς, ἐὰν ἥττους ὦσιν.
And with those who do the opposite to them, if they are inferiors.
καταφρονεῖν γὰρ πάντες οἱ τοιοῦτοι φαίνονται, καὶ οἱ μὲν ὡς ἡττόνων οἱ δʼ ὡς παρὰ ἡττόνων.
For all such seem to show contempt, some as showing contempt for inferiors, and others as receiving contempt from inferiors.
§2.2.18καὶ τοῖς ἐν μηδενὶ λόγῳ οὖσιν, ἄν τι ὀλιγωρῶσι, μᾶλλον· ὑπόκειται γὰρ ἡ ὀργὴ τῆς ὀλιγωρίας πρὸς τοὺς μὴ προσήκοντας, προσήκει δὲ τοῖς ἥττοσι μὴ ὀλιγωρεῖν·
And with those who are of no account, if they disregard them in any way, they are more angry; for anger at disregard is assumed to be against those from whom it is not fitting, and it is fitting for inferiors not to disregard.
§2.2.19τοῖς δὲ φίλοις, ἐάν τε μὴ εὖ λέγωσιν ἢ ποιῶσιν, καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον ἐὰν τἀναντία, καὶ ἐὰν μὴ αἰσθάνωνται δεομένων, ὥσπερ ὁ Ἀντιφῶντος Πλήξιππος τῷ Μελεάγρῳ· ὀλιγωρίας γὰρ τὸ μὴ αἰσθάνεσθαι σημεῖον· ὧν γὰρ φροντίζομεν οὐ λανθάνει.
And with friends, both if they do not speak or do well, and still more if they do the opposite, and if they do not perceive that they are in need, just as Antiphon's Plexippus was towards Meleager; for not perceiving is a sign of disregard, since what we care for does not escape our notice.
§2.2.20καὶ τοῖς ἐπιχαίρουσι ταῖς ἀτυχίαις καὶ ὅλως εὐθυμουμένοις ἐν ταῖς αὐτῶν ἀτυχίαις· ἢ γὰρ ἐχθροῦ ἢ ὀλιγωροῦντος σημεῖον.
And with those who rejoice in their misfortunes and generally are cheerful in their misfortunes; for it is a sign either of an enemy or of one who disregards.
καὶ τοῖς μὴ φροντίζουσιν ἐὰν λυπήσωσιν· διὸ καὶ τοῖς κακὰ ἀγγέλλουσιν ὀργίζονται.
And with those who do not care if they cause pain; therefore they are also angry with those who bring bad news.
§2.2.21καὶ τοῖς ἢ ἀκούουσι περὶ αὐτῶν ἢ θεωμένοις τὰ αὐτῶν φαῦλα· ὅμοιοι γάρ εἰσιν ἢ ὀλιγωροῦσιν ἢ ἐχθροῖς· §2.2.22οἱ γὰρ φίλοι συναλγοῦσιν, θεώμενοι δὲ τὰ οἰκεῖα φαῦλα πάντες ἀλγοῦσιν.
And with those who either hear about or look upon their weaknesses; for they are like either those who disregard or enemies; for friends feel pain together, but all feel pain when looking upon their own weaknesses.
ἔτι τοῖς ὀλιγωροῦσι πρὸς πέντε, πρὸς οὓς φιλοτιμοῦνται, οὓς θαυμάζουσιν, ὑφʼ ὧν βούλονται θαυμάζεσθαι, ἢ οὓς αἰσχύνονται, ἢ ἐν τοῖς αἰσχυνομένοις αὐτούς· ἄν τις ἐν τούτοις ὀλιγωρῇ, ὀργίζονται μᾶλλον.
Furthermore, with those who disregard them in the presence of five classes of people: those with whom they rival, those whom they admire, those by whom they wish to be admired, those whom they respect, or those who respect them; if anyone disregards them in the presence of these, they are more angry.
§2.2.23καὶ τοῖς εἰς τὰ τοιαῦτα ὀλιγωροῦσιν ὑπὲρ ὧν αὐτοῖς αἰσχρὸν μὴ βοηθεῖν, οἷον γονεῖς, τέκνα, γυναῖκας, ἀρχομένους.
And with those who disregard them in respect to such persons whom it is disgraceful for them not to help, as parents, children, wives, and subjects.
καὶ τοῖς χάριν μὴ ἀποδιδοῦσιν· παρὰ τὸ προσῆκον γὰρ ἡ ὀλιγωρία.
And with those who do not return gratitude; for disregard is contrary to what is fitting.
And with those who act ironically towards those who are serious; for irony is contemptuous.
καὶ τοῖς τῶν ἄλλων εὐποιητικοῖς, ἐὰν μὴ καὶ αὐτῶν· καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο καταφρονητικόν, τὸ μὴ ἀξιοῦν, ὧν πάντας, καὶ αὐτόν.
And with those who are beneficent to others, if not also to themselves; for this too is contemptuous, namely, not to deem him worthy of those things of which one deems everyone worthy.
§2.2.26ποιητικὸν δʼ ὀργῆς καὶ ἡ λήθη, οἷον καὶ ἡ τῶν ὀνομάτων, οὕτως οὖσα περὶ μικρόν· ὀλιγωρίας γὰρ δοκεῖ καὶ ἡ λήθη σημεῖον εἶναι· διʼ ἀμέλειαν μὲν γὰρ ἡ λήθη γίγνεται, ἡ δʼ ἀμέλεια ὀλιγωρία τίς ἐστιν.
And forgetfulness is also productive of anger, as for instance even that of names, although it is about a small matter; for forgetfulness also seems to be a sign of disregard; for forgetfulness occurs through neglect, and neglect is a certain disregard.
§2.2.27οἷς μὲν οὖν ὀργίζονται καὶ ὡς ἔχοντες καὶ διὰ ποῖα, ἅμα εἴρηται·
With whom, then, they are angry, and in what state of mind, and for what reasons, have been told at the same time.
δῆλον δʼ ὅτι δέοι ἂν κατασκευάζειν τῷ λόγῳ τοιούτους οἷοι ὄντες ὀργίλως ἔχουσιν, καὶ τοὺς ἐναντίους τούτοις ἐνόχους ὄντας ἐφʼ οἷς ὀργίζονται, καὶ τοιούτους οἵοις ὀργίζονται.
It is clear, then, that it would be necessary to represent them by speech as being such as are prone to anger, and their opponents as being liable to those things on account of which they are angry, and as being such as they are angry with.