§1.12.1ὧν μὲν οὖν ἕνεκα ἀδικοῦσιν, ταῦτʼ ἐστίν· πῶς δὲ ἔχοντες καὶ τίνας, λέγωμεν νῦν.
These, then, are the reasons why they commit injustice; but in what state of mind they do so, and against whom, let us now state.
αὐτοὶ μὲν οὖν ὅταν οἴωνται δυνατὸν εἶναι τὸ πρᾶγμα πραχθῆναι καὶ αὑτοῖς δυνατόν, εἶτʼ ἂν λαθεῖν πράξαντες, ἢ μὴ λαθόντες μὴ δοῦναι δίκην, ἢ δοῦναι μὲν ἀλλʼ ἐλάττω τὴν ζημίαν εἶναι τοῦ κέρδους αὑτοῖς ἢ ὧν κήδονται.
They themselves commit injustice when they think the deed is possible to be done, and possible for themselves, and then when they think they can either do it without being detected, or, if detected, escape punishment, or, if punished, that the loss will be less than the gain for themselves or for those they care for.
§1.12.2ποῖα μὲν οὖν δυνατὰ φαίνεται καὶ ποῖα ἀδύνατα, ἐν τοῖς ὕστερον ῥηθήσεται (κοινὰ γὰρ ταῦτα πάντων τῶν λόγων)· αὐτοὶ δʼ οἴονται δυνατοὶ εἶναι μάλιστα ἀζήμιοι ἀδικεῖν οἱ εἰπεῖν δυνάμενοι καὶ οἱ πρακτικοὶ καὶ οἱ ἔμπειροι πολλῶν ἀγώνων, κἂν πολύφιλοι ὦσιν, κἂν πλούσιοι.
Now, what kinds of things appear possible and what kinds impossible will be discussed later (for these are common to all kinds of speeches); but people think they are themselves best able to commit injustice with impunity when they are able to speak, are men of action, and are experienced in many trials, or if they have many friends, or are rich.
§1.12.3καὶ μάλιστα μὲν ἂν αὐτοὶ ὦσιν ἐν τοῖς εἰρημένοις οἴονται δύνασθαι, εἰ δὲ μή, κἂν ὑπάρχωσιν αὐτοῖς τοιοῦτοι φίλοι ἢ ὑπηρέται ἢ κοινωνοί· διὰ γὰρ ταῦτα δύνανται καὶ πράττειν καὶ λανθάνειν καὶ μὴ δοῦναι δίκην.
And they think they are most of all able if they themselves possess the aforementioned characteristics, but if not, if they have such friends, servants, or accomplices; for through these they are able both to act, to escape detection, and to avoid punishment.
§1.12.4καὶ ἐὰν φίλοι ὦσιν τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις ἢ τοῖς κριταῖς· οἱ μὲν γὰρ φίλοι ἀφύλακτοί τε πρὸς τὸ ἀδικεῖσθαι καὶ προσκαταλλάττονται πρὶν ἐπεξελθεῖν, οἱ δὲ κριταὶ χαρίζονται οἷς ἂν φίλοι ὦσι, καὶ ἢ ὅλως ἀφιᾶσιν ἢ μικροῖς ζημιοῦσιν.
Also if they are friends with those who are wronged or with the judges; for friends are unguarded against being wronged and are reconciled before pursuing the matter, while judges favor those who are their friends, and either acquit them altogether or impose small penalties.
§1.12.5λαθητικὰ δʼ εἰσὶν οἵ τʼ ἐναντίοι τοῖς ἐγκλήμασιν, οἷον ἀσθενεῖς περὶ αἰκίας ὁ πένης καὶ ὁ αἰσχρὸς περὶ μοιχείας, καὶ τὰ λίαν ἐν φανερῷ καὶ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς· ἀφύλακτα γὰρ διὰ τὸ ὅλως μηδένα ἂν οἴεσθαι.
And those who are the opposite of the charges are likely to escape detection, for instance, the weak in cases of assault, and the poor and the ugly in cases of adultery; also things done too openly and before people's eyes; for these are unguarded because absolutely no one would think they would do so.
§1.12.6καὶ τὰ τηλικαῦτα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα οἷα μηδʼ ἂν εἷς· ἀφύλακτα γὰρ καὶ ταῦτα· πάντες γὰρ τὰ εἰωθότα, ὥσπερ ἀρρωστήματα, φυλάττονται καὶ τἀδικήματα, ὃ δὲ μηδείς πω ἠρρώστηκεν, οὐδεὶς εὐλαβεῖται.
Also things of such a magnitude and of such a kind as no one would ever do; for these too are unguarded; for everyone guards against customary injustices, just as they guard against diseases, but no one is on guard against what no one has yet suffered.
§1.12.7καὶ οἷς μηδεὶς ἐχθρὸς ἢ πολλοί· οἱ μὲν γὰρ οἴονται λήσειν διὰ τὸ μὴ φυλάττεσθαι, οἱ δὲ λανθάνουσι διὰ τὸ μὴ δοκεῖν ἂν ἐπιχειρῆσαι φυλαττομένοις, καὶ διὰ τὸ ἀπολογίαν ἔχειν ὅτι οὐκ ἂν ἐνεχείρησαν.
Also those who have either no enemies or many; for the former think they will escape detection because they are not guarded against, while the latter escape detection because they are not thought likely to attempt it against those who are on guard, and because they have the defense that they would not have attempted it.
§1.12.8καὶ οἷς ὑπάρχει κρύψις ἢ τρόποις ἢ τόποις, ἢ διαθέσεις εὔποροι.
Also those who have means of concealment, either by their ways, or by their places, or who have easy ways of disposal.
καὶ ὅσοις μὴ λανθάνουσιν ἔστιν δίωσις δίκης ἢ ἀναβολὴ χρόνου ἢ διαφθοραὶ κριτῶν.
Also those who, if they do not escape detection, have ways of pushing aside the trial, or delay of time, or bribery of judges.
καὶ οἷς, ἐὰν γένηται ζημία, ἔστιν δίωσις τῆς ἐκτίσεως ἢ ἀναβολὴ χρόνιος. ἢ εἰ διʼ ἀπορίαν μηδὲν ἔχει ὅ τι ἀπολέσει.
Also those for whom, if a penalty is incurred, there is a pushing aside of the payment or a long delay; or if, through lack of means, they have nothing to lose.
§1.12.9καὶ οἷς τὰ μὲν κέρδη φανερὰ ἢ μεγάλα ἢ ἐγγύς, αἱ δὲ ζημίαι μικραὶ ἢ ἀφανεῖς ἢ πόρρω.
Also those for whom the gains are obvious, or large, or near, while the losses are small, or unseen, or far off.
καὶ ᾧ μὴ ἔστιν τιμωρία ἴση τῇ ὠφελείᾳ, οἷον δοκεῖ ἡ τυρρανίς.
And those for whom there is no punishment equal to the benefit, as tyranny is thought to be.
§1.12.10καὶ ὅσοις τὰ μὲν ἀδικήματα λήμματα, αἱ δὲ ζημίαι ὀνείδη μόνον.
Also those for whom the injustices are gains, while the losses are only disgraces.
καὶ οἷς τοὐναντίον τὰ μὲν ἀδικήματα εἰς ἔπαινόν τινα, οἷον εἰ συνέβη ἅμα τιμωρήσασθαι ὑπὲρ πατρὸς ἢ μητρός, ὥσπερ Ζήνωνι, αἱ δὲ ζημίαι εἰς χρήματα ἢ φυγὴν ἢ τοιοῦτόν τι· διʼ ἀμφότερα γὰρ ἀδικοῦσι καὶ ἀμφοτέρως ἔχοντες, πλὴν οὐχ οἱ αὐτοὶ ἀλλʼ οἱ ἐναντίοι τοῖς ἤθεσιν.
And, on the contrary, those for whom the injustices lead to some praise (for instance, if it happens that they took revenge at the same time for a father or a mother, as in the case of Zeno), while the losses lead to money, or exile, or something of the sort; for they commit injustice for both reasons and in both states of mind, though not the same people but those of opposite characters.
§1.12.11καὶ οἱ πολλάκις ἢ λεληθότες ἢ μὴ ἐζημιωμένοι, καὶ οἱ πολλάκις ἀποτετυχηκότες (εἰσὶ γάρ τινες καὶ ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις, ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς πολεμικοῖς, οἷοι ἀναμάχεσθαι).
Also those who have often escaped detection or have not been punished, and those who have often failed; for there are some among such people, just as in matters of war, who are ready to renew the fight.
§1.12.12καὶ οἷς ἂν παραχρῆμα ᾖ τὸ ἡδύ, τὸ δὲ λυπηρὸν ὕστερον, ἢ τὸ κέρδος, ἡ δὲ ζημία ὕστερον· οἱ γὰρ ἀκρατεῖς τοιοῦτοι, ἔστιν δὲ ἀκρασία περὶ πάντα ὅσων ὀρέγονται.
Also those for whom the pleasure is immediate, while the pain is later, or the gain is immediate, while the loss is later; for the incontinent are such, and incontinence is about all things that they desire.
§1.12.13καὶ οἷς ἂν τοὐναντίον τὸ μὲν λυπηρὸν ἤδη ᾖ ἢ ἡ ζημία, τὸ δὲ ἡδὺ καὶ τὸ ὠφέλιμον ὕστερα καὶ χρονιώτερα· οἱ γὰρ ἐγκρατεῖς καὶ φρονιμώτεροι τὰ τοιαῦτα διώκουσιν.
And, on the contrary, those for whom the pain or the loss is immediate, while the pleasure and the benefit are later and longer-lasting; for the continent and wiser people pursue such things.
§1.12.14καὶ οἷς ἂν ἐνδέχηται διὰ τύχην δόξαι πρᾶξαι ἢ διʼ ἀνάγκην ἢ διὰ φύσιν ἢ διʼ ἔθος, καὶ ὅλως ἁμαρτεῖν ἀλλὰ μὴ ἀδικεῖν.
Also those who can appear to have acted through chance, or necessity, or nature, or habit, and in general to have committed an error but not an injustice.