§3Ἔτι δὲ τὸ φάναι τὸν ἀέρα ἕλκειν ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ἢ ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος διὰ τοῦ στόματος ἀδύνατον· οὐ γὰρ ἔχουσιν ἀρτηρίαν διὰ τὸ πλεύμονα μὴ ἔχειν, ἀλλ’ εὐθὺς ἡ κοιλία πρὸς τῷ στόματί ἐστιν, ὥστ’ ἀναγκαῖον τῇ κοιλίᾳ ἕλκειν.
Furthermore, to assert that they draw air from the mouth, or from the water through the mouth, is impossible; for they do not possess a windpipe because they do not have a lung, but their stomach is immediately next to the mouth, so that it would be necessary to draw it in with the stomach.
Τοῦτο δὲ κἂν τἆλλα ἐποίει ζῷα· νῦν δὲ οὐ ποιοῦσιν.
And other animals also would do this; but in fact they do not.
Κἂν ἐκεῖνα δ’ ἔξω τοῦ ὑγροῦ ὄντα ἐπιδήλως ἂν αὐτὸ ἐποίει· φαίνεται δ’ οὐ ποιοῦντ’ αὐτό.
And those animals too, when they are out of the liquid, would visibly do this; but they are seen not to do it.
Ἔτι πάντων τῶν ἀναπνεόντων καὶ ἑλκόντων τὸ πνεῦμα ὁρῶμεν γινομένην κίνησίν τινα τοῦ μορίου τοῦ ἕλκοντος, ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἰχθύων οὐ συμβαῖνον· οὐδὲν γὰρ φαίνονται κινοῦντες τῶν περὶ τὴν κοιλίαν, ἀλλ’ ἢ τὰ βράγχια μόνον, καὶ ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ καὶ εἰς τὸ ξηρὸν ἐκπεσόντες, ὅταν σπαίρωσιν.
Furthermore, in all animals that respire and draw in breath, we see some movement taking place in the part that draws it in, but in the case of fishes this does not happen; for they are seen to move none of the parts around the stomach, but only their gills, both when they are in the liquid and when they have been cast out onto dry land and are gasping.
Ἔτι ὅταν ἀποθνήσκῃ πνιγόμενα ἐν τοῖς ὑγροῖς πάντα τὰ ἀναπνέοντα, γίνονται πομφόλυγες τοῦ πνεύματος ἐξιόντος βιαίως, οἷον ἐάν τις βιάζηται χελώνας ἢ βατράχους ἤ τι ἄλλο τῶν τοιούτων γενῶν· ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἰχθύων οὐ συμβαίνει πειρωμένοις πάντα τρόπον, ὡς οὐκ ἐχόντων πνεῦμα θύραθεν οὐθέν.
Further, when any of the respiring animals die by suffocation in liquids, bubbles are formed as the breath issues out by force, as, for example, if one forces down turtles or frogs or any other of such kinds; but in the case of fishes this does not happen, though one tries in every way, on the ground that they possess no breath from without.
Ὄν τε τρόπον λέγουσι γίνεσθαι τὴν ἀναπνοὴν αὐτοῖς, ἐνδέχεται καὶ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις οὖσιν ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ συμβαίνειν· εἰ γὰρ καὶ οἱ ἰχθύες ἕλκουσιν ἐκ τοῦ πέριξ ὕδατος τῷ στόματι, διὰ τί τοῦτο οὐκ ἂν ποιοῖμεν καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ τἆλλα ζῷα;
And the manner in which they say respiration takes place in them, might also happen to humans when they are in liquid; for if fishes draw it from the surrounding water with the mouth, why might not we humans and other animals do this too?
Καὶ τὸν ἐκ τοῦ στόματος δ’ ἂν ἕλκοιμεν ὁμοίως τοῖς ἰχθύσιν.
And we would also draw in the air from the mouth in the same way as fishes.
Ὤστ’ εἴπερ κἀκεῖνα ἦν δυνατά, καὶ ταῦτ’ ἂν ἦν· ἐπεὶ δ’ οὐκ ἔστι, δῆλον ὡς οὐδ’ ἐπ’ ἐκείνων ἐστίν.
Consequently, if those things were possible, these would be so too; but since they are not, it is clear that they are not possible in their case either.
Πρὸς δὲ τούτοις διὰ τίν’ αἰτίαν ἐν τῷ ἀέρι ἀποθνήσκουσι καὶ φαίνονται ἀσπαρίζοντα ὥσπερ τὰ πνιγόμενα, εἴπερ ἀναπνέουσιν;
In addition to these, for what reason do they die in the air and are seen gasping like suffocating things, if indeed they respire?
Οὐ γὰρ δὴ τροφῆς γε ἐνδείᾳ τοῦτο πάσχουσιν.
For surely they do not suffer this from lack of food.
Ἢν γὰρ λέγει Διογένης αἰτίαν, εὐήθης· φησὶ γὰρ ὅτι τὸν ἀέρα πολὺν ἕλκουσι λίαν ἐν τῷ ἀέρι, ἐν δὲ τῷ ὕδατι μέτριον, καὶ διὰ τοῦτ’ ἀποθνήσκειν.
For the reason which Diogenes gives is foolish; for he says that in the air they draw in too much air, but in the water a moderate amount, and that they die because of this.
Καὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν πεζῶν ἔδει δυνατὸν εἶναι τοῦτο συμβαίνειν· νῦν δ’ οὐδὲν τῷ σφόδρα ἀναπνεῦσαι ἀποπνίγεται πεζὸν ζῷον.
For this ought to be possible to happen in the case of land animals too; but in fact no land animal is suffocated by respiring too intensely.
Ἔτι δ’ εἰ πάντα ἀναπνεῖ, δῆλον ὅτι καὶ τὰ ἔντομα τῶν ζῴων ἀναπνεῖ· φαίνεται δ’ αὐτῶν πολλὰ διατεμνόμενα ζῆν, οὐ μόνον εἰς δύο μέρη ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς πλείω, οἷον αἱ καλούμεναι σκολόπενδραι· ἃ πῶς ἢ τίνι ἐνδέχεται ἀναπνεῖν;
And further, if all animals respire, it is clear that insects also respire; but many of them are seen to live when cut in pieces, not only into two parts but even into more, such as the so-called centipedes; how or by what means is it possible for these to respire?
Αἴτιον δὲ μάλιστα τοῦ μὴ λέγεσθαι περὶ αὐτῶν καλῶς τό τε τῶν μορίων ἀπείρους εἶναι τῶν ἐντός, καὶ μὴ λαμβάνειν ἕνεκά τινος τὴν φύσιν πάντα ποιεῖν· ζητοῦντες γὰρ τίνος ἕνεκα ἡ ἀναπνοὴ τοῖς ζῴοις ὑπάρχει, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν μορίων τοῦτ’ ἐπισκοποῦντες, οἷον ἐπὶ βραγχίων καὶ πλεύμονος, εὗρον ἂν θᾶττον τὴν αἰτίαν.
And the chief cause of their not speaking well concerning these things is both their being inexperienced in the internal parts, and their not grasping that nature does all things for some purpose; for if they had sought for what purpose respiration belongs to animals, and had investigated this in the parts, such as the gills and the lung, they would have found the cause much more quickly.