§12Περὶ δὲ τὰ κητώδη τῶν ἐνύδρων ἀπορήσειεν ἄν τις, ἔχει δὲ κἀκεῖνα κατὰ λόγον, οἷον περί τε τοὺς δελφῖνας καὶ τὰς φαλαίνας, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὅσα ἔχει τὸν καλούμενον αὐλόν.
Concerning the cetaceans among the aquatic animals, one might raise a question, but for those too it is in accordance with reason, such as concerning dolphins and whales, and all the others that have the so-called blowhole.
Ταῦτα γὰρ ἄποδα μέν ἐστιν, ἔχοντα δὲ πνεύμονα δέχεται τὴν θάλατταν.
For these, on the one hand, are footless, but on the other hand, having a lung, they receive the sea.
Αἴτιον δὲ τούτου τὸ νῦν εἰρημένον· οὐ γὰρ καταψύξεως ἕνεκεν δέχεται τὸ ὑγρόν.
And the cause of this is what has just been said; for they do not receive the liquid for the sake of cooling.
Τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ γίνεται αὐτοῖς ἀναπνέουσιν· ἔχουσι γὰρ πλεύμονα.
For this occurs to them while they breathe; for they have a lung.
Διὸ καὶ καθεύδουσιν ὑπερέχοντα τὸ στόμα, καὶ ῥέγχουσιν οἵ γε δελφῖνες.
Wherefore they also sleep keeping their mouth above the water, and the dolphins at least snore.
Ἔτι δὲ κἂν ληφθῶσι τοῖς δικτύοις, ταχὺ ἀποπνίγονται διὰ τὸ μὴ ἀναπνεῖν· καὶ ἐπιπολάζοντα φαίνεται τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάττης διὰ τὴν ἀναπνοήν.
Furthermore, even if they are caught in nets, they quickly choke because of not breathing; and such animals are seen floating on the surface of the sea for the sake of breathing.
Ἀλλ’ ἐπειδὴ ἀναγκαῖον ποιεῖσθαι τὴν τροφὴν ἐν ὑγρῷ, ἀναγκαῖον δεχόμενα τὸ ὑγρὸν ἀφιέναι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτ’ ἔχουσι πάντα τὸν αὐλόν· δεξάμενα γὰρ τὸ ὕδωρ, ὥσπερ οἱ ἰχθύες κατὰ τὰ βράγχια, ταῦτα κατὰ τὸν αὐλόν, ἀνασπᾷ τὸ ὕδωρ.
But since it is necessary to take food in the liquid, it is necessary that they, receiving the liquid, discharge it, and for this reason they all have the blowhole; for having received the water, just as fish do through the gills, these discharge the water upwards through the blowhole.
Σημεῖον δὲ καὶ ἡ θέσις τοῦ αὐλοῦ· πρὸς οὐθὲν γὰρ περαίνει τῶν ἐναίμων, ἀλλὰ πρὸ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου τὴν θέσιν ἔχει, καὶ ἀφίησι τὸ ὕδωρ.
And the position of the blowhole is also a sign; for it does not terminate in any of the blood-containing organs, but has its position in front of the brain, and discharges the water.
Διὰ ταὐτὸ δὲ τοῦτο δέχεται καὶ τὰ μαλάκια τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ τὰ μαλακόστρακα, λέγω δ’ οἷον τοὺς καλουμένους καράβους καὶ τοὺς καρκίνους.
And for this same reason, the mollusks and the crustaceans also receive the water—I mean, for example, the so-called spiny lobsters and crabs.
Καταψύξεως μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν οὐδὲν τυγχάνει δεόμενον· ὀλιγόθερμον γάρ ἐστι καὶ ἄναιμον ἕκαστον αὐτῶν, ὥσθ’ ἱκανῶς καταψύχεται ὑπὸ τοῦ περιέχοντος ὑγροῦ· ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν τροφήν, ὅπως μὴ ἅμα δεχομένοις εἰσρέῃ τὸ ὑγρόν.
For none of them happens to need cooling; for each of them has little heat and is bloodless, so that it is sufficiently cooled by the surrounding liquid; but they receive it for the sake of food, so that the liquid may not flow in at the same time as they receive it.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν μαλακόστρακα, οἷον οἵ τε καρκίνοι καὶ οἱ κάραβοι, παρὰ τὰ δασέα ἀφιᾶσι τὸ ὕδωρ διὰ τῶν ἐπιπτυγμάτων, σηπίαι δὲ καὶ πολύποδες διὰ τοῦ κοίλου τοῦ ὑπὲρ τῆς καλουμένης κεφαλῆς.
Now the crustaceans, such as crabs and spiny lobsters, discharge the water beside the hairy parts through their opercula, while cuttlefishes and octopuses do so through the funnel above the so-called head.
Γέγραπται δὲ περὶ αὐτῶν δι’ ἀκριβείας μᾶλλον ἐν ταῖς περὶ τῶν ζῴων ἱστορίαις.
But concerning these, it has been written with more accuracy in the Inquiries on Animals.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τοῦ δέχεσθαι τὸ ὑγρόν, εἴρηται ὅτι συμβαίνει διὰ κατάψυξιν καὶ διὰ τὸ δεῖν δέχεσθαι τὴν τροφὴν ἐκ τοῦ ὑγροῦ τὰ τὴν φύσιν ὄντα τῶν ζῴων ἔνυδρα.
Concerning, then, the reception of the liquid, it has been said that it happens for the sake of cooling and because those of the animals that are by nature aquatic must receive their food from the liquid.
§13Περὶ δὲ τῆς καταψύξεως, τίνα γίνεται τρόπον τοῖς τ’ ἀναπνέουσι καὶ τοῖς ἔχουσι βράγχια, μετὰ ταῦτα λεκτέον.
But concerning cooling, in what manner it happens both to those that breathe and to those that have gills, must be said after this.
Ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἀναπνέουσιν ὅσα πνεύμονα τῶν ζῴων ἔχουσι, πρότερον εἴρηται.
Now, that as many of the animals as have a lung breathe, has been said before.
Διὰ τί δὲ τοῦτο τὸ μόριον ἔχουσιν ἔνια, καὶ διὰ τί τὰ ἔχοντα δεῖται τῆς ἀναπνοῆς, αἴτιον τοῦ μὲν ἔχειν ὅτι τὰ τιμιώτερα τῶν ζῴων πλείονος τετύχηκε θερμότητος· ἅμα γὰρ ἀνάγκη καὶ ψυχῆς τετυχηκέναι τιμιωτέρας· τιμιώτερα γὰρ τὰ τοιαῦτα τῆς φύσεως τῆς τῶν φυτῶν.
But as to why some have this organ, and why those that have it need breathing, the cause of having it is that the more honorable of the animals have obtained a greater share of heat; for at the same time it is necessary that they have also obtained a more honorable soul; for such nature is more honorable than that of plants.
Διὸ καὶ τὰ μάλιστα ἔναιμον ἔχοντα τὸν πνεύμονα καὶ θερμὸν μείζονά τε τοῖς μεγέθεσι, καὶ τό γε καθαρωτάτῳ καὶ πλείστῳ κεχρημένον αἵματι τῶν ζῴων ὀρθότατόν ἐστιν ὁ ἄνθρωπος, καὶ τὸ ἄνω πρὸς τὸ τοῦ ὅλου ἄνω ἔχει μόνον διὰ τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔχειν τοῦτο τὸ μόριον.
Wherefore also the animal that has the most blood-filled and hot lung, and is largest in size, and the one of the animals that uses the purest and most abundant blood is the most upright, namely man, and he alone has his upper part toward the upper part of the universe because of having this organ of such a kind.
Ὥστε τῆς οὐσίας καὶ τούτῳ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις θετέον αἴτιον αὐτό, καθάπερ ὁτιοῦν ἄλλο τῶν μορίων.
So, both for him and for the others, we must set this organ as the cause of their essence, just like any other of the organs.
Ἔχει μὲν οὖν ἕνεκα τούτου.
It has it, then, for the sake of this.
Τὴν δ’ ἐξ ἀνάγκης καὶ τῆς κινήσεως αἰτίαν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα νομίζειν συνεστάναι ζῷα, καθάπερ καὶ μὴ τοιαῦτα πολλὰ συνέστηκεν· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἐκ γῆς πλείονος γέγονεν, οἷον τὸ τῶν φυτῶν γένος, τὰ δ’ ἐξ ὕδατος, οἷον τὸ τῶν ἐνύδρων· τῶν δὲ πτηνῶν καὶ πεζῶν τὰ μὲν ἐξ ἀέρος τὰ δ’ ἐκ πυρός.
But with respect to the cause from necessity and from motion, we must consider that such animals are constituted, just as many non-such animals are also constituted; for some have come to be from more earth, such as the race of plants, and others from water, such as aquatic animals; and of the winged and land animals, some from air and others from fire.
Ἕκαστα δ’ ἐν τοῖς οἰκείοις τόποις ἔχει τὴν τάξιν αὐτῶν.
And each has its station in its own proper places.