§3.1Διὰ τί οἱ μεθύοντες θερμοῦ ὄντος τοῦ οἴνου δύσριγοί εἰσιν, καὶ τάχιστα ἁλίσκονται ὑπὸ πλευρίτιδος καὶ τῶν τοιούτων;
Why is it that those who are drunk, although wine is warm, are sensitive to cold, and very quickly fall victim to pleurisy and such diseases?
ἢ διότι πολὺ ὑγρὸν ἐὰν ψυχθῇ, πολὺ ψυχρὸ γίνεται, ὥστε κρατεῖν τῆς φυσικῆς θερμότητος;
Or is it because if a large amount of moisture is chilled, it becomes very cold, so that it overpowers the natural heat?
γίνεται γὰρ ὅμοιον ὡσπερανεὶ ἐσθὴς βεβρεγμένη εἴη ὑγρῷ ψυχρῷ, οὕτως ἡ σὰρξ ἔνδοθεν.
For the flesh becomes internally in the same condition as if a garment were soaked in cold moisture.
§3.2Διὰ τί οὐχ οἱ σφόδρα μεθύοντες παροινοῦσιν, ἀλλ’ οἱ ἀκροθώρακες μάλιστα;
Why is it that it is not those who are extremely drunk who behave outrageously, but those who are slightly tipsy?
ἢ ὅτι οὔθ’ οὕτως ὀλίγον πεπώκασιν ὥστε ὁμοίως ἔχειν τοῖς νήφουσιν, οὔθ’ οὕτως ὥστε διαλύεσθαι, ὅπερ πάσχουσιν οἱ πολὺ πεπωκότες;
Or is it because they have neither drunk so little as to be in the same state as sober people, nor so much as to be incapacitated, which is what happens to those who have drunk a lot?
ἔτι οἱ μὲν νήφοντες μᾶλλον ὀρθῶς κρίνουσιν, οἱ δὲ σφόδρα μεθύοντες οὐδ’ ἐγχειροῦσι κρίνειν· οἱ δὲ ἀκροθώρακες κρίνουσι μὲν διὰ τὸ μὴ σφόδρα μεθύειν, κακῶς δὲ διὰ τὸ μὴ νήφειν, καὶ ταχὺ τῶν μὲν καταφρονοῦσιν, ὑπὸ τῶν δὲ ὀλιγωρεῖσθαι δοκοῦσιν.
Furthermore, sober people judge more correctly, and those who are extremely drunk do not even attempt to judge; but those who are slightly tipsy judge because they are not extremely drunk, but judge badly because they are not sober, and they quickly look down on some, and believe they are being slighted by others.
§3.3Διὰ τί μᾶλλον κραιπαλῶσιν οἱ ἀκρατέστερον πίνοντες ἢ οἱ ὅλως ἄκρατον;
Why do those who drink more immoderately suffer more from hangover than those who drink it completely unmixed?
πότερον διὰ τὴν λεπτότητα ὁ κεκραμένος μᾶλλον εἰσδύεται εἰς πλείους τόπους καὶ στενωτέρους, ὁ δὲ ἄκρατος ἧττον, ὥστε δυσεξαγωγότερος ὁ κεκραμένος;
Is it because, owing to its thinness, the mixed wine penetrates more into more and narrower places, while the unmixed does so less, so that the mixed is harder to discharge?
ἢ διότι ἐλάττω πίνουσιν ἄκρατον διὰ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι, καὶ ἀπεμοῦσι μᾶλλον;
Or is it because they drink less unmixed wine because they are unable to, and vomit more?
ἔτι δὲ συμπέττει τὰ λοιπὰ θερμότερος ὤν, καὶ αὐτὸς αὑτὸν· ὁ δὲ ὑδαρὴς τοὐναντίον.
Furthermore, the unmixed wine, being warmer, concocts the remaining food and itself too, while the watery wine does the opposite.
§3.4Διὰ τί τῶν οἰνοφλύγων τὸ σπέρμα οὐ γόνιμον ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ;
Why is the semen of wine-bibbers generally not fertile?
ἢ ὅτι ἡ κρᾶσις τοῦ σώματος ἐξύγρανται;
Or is it because the temperament of the body has become too moist?
τὰ δὲ ὑγρὰ σπέρματα οὐ γόνιμα, ἀλλὰ τὰ συνεστῶτα καὶ πάχος ἔχοντα.
For moist semen is not fertile, but rather that which is concentrated and has thickness.
§3.5Διὰ τί οἱ οἰνόφλυγες τρέμουσιν, καὶ μᾶλλον ὅσῳ ἂν ἀκρατοποτῶσιν;
Why do wine-bibbers tremble, and the more so the more they drink unmixed wine?
ἔστιν δὲ ὁ μὲν οἶνος θερμαντικόν, ὁ δὲ τρόμος γίνεται μάλιστα ἀπὸ ψυχροῦ· διὸ οἱ ῥιγῶντες μάλιστα τρέμουσιν.
Although wine is warming, trembling arises chiefly from cold; hence those who are shivering tremble most.
πολλοῖς δ’ ἤδη χρωμένοις μόνον ἀκράτῳ τροφῆς χάριν τρόμοι ἰσχυροὶ συνέβησαν, ὥστε ἀπορρίπτειν τοὺς † φλίβοντας, καὶ τῷ θερμῷ ὕδατι λουόμενοι ἀναισθήτως εἶχον.
Indeed, strong tremblings have already occurred in many who used only unmixed wine for the sake of nourishment, so that they threw away what they were holding, and when they bathed in warm water, they were insensible to it.
ἢ ὅτι γίνεται μὲν ὁ τρόμος διὰ κατάψυξιν, γίνεται δὲ ἢ περιισταμένου ἐντὸς τοῦ θερμοῦ διὰ τὸ ἐκτὸς ψῦχος, οἶον τοῦ χειμῶνος, ἢ σβεννυμένου τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν θερμοῦ, σβεννυμένου μὲν τῷ ἐναντίῳ, ἢ διὰ χρόνον, οἷον γῆρας, ἢ τῇ τοῦ ἀλλοτρίου θερμοῦ ὑπερβολῇ, ὃ συμβαίνει τῷ ἐν τῷ ἡλίῳ ἢ πυρὶ καιομένῳ.
Or is it because trembling arises from chilling, which happens either when the heat is pent up inside owing to the external cold, as in winter, or when the natural heat is extinguished? It is extinguished either by its opposite, or through time (such as old age), or by an excess of external heat, which happens to someone who is burned in the sun or in a fire.
συμβαίνει δὲ τοῦτο καὶ τοῖς τῷ ἀκράτῳ οἴνῳ χρωμένοις.
This also happens to those who use unmixed wine.
ὢν γὰρ θερμός τις, ὅταν ὑπερτείνηται δυνάμει τῇ τοῦ σώματος οἰκείᾳ θερμότητι μιγνύμενος, ἀποσβέννυσιν αὐτό· σβεσθέντος δὲ καὶ ψυχθέντος τοῦ σώματος συμβαίνει τοὺς τρόμους γίνεσθαι.
For being of a warm nature, when it exceeds in power while mixing with the body's own natural heat, it extinguishes it; and when the body's heat is extinguished and chilled, the tremblings occur.
ἔστιν δὲ καὶ παρὰ πάντα τὰ εἰρημένα ἄλλος τρόπος καταψύξεως.
And besides all the things mentioned, there is another way of chilling.
ἀναιρεθείσης δὲ τῆς ὕλης, ᾗ τὸ θερμὸν ἑκάστῳ τρέφεται, συμβαίνει καὶ τὸ θερμὸν φθείρεσθαι.
When the material by which the heat in each individual is nourished is removed, the heat itself is destroyed.
τοῦτο δὲ ἐπὶ μὲν τῶν ἀψύχων ἐπὶ τοῦ λύχνου ἐστὶ φανερόν (τοῦ γὰρ ἐλαίου ἀναλωθέντος συμβαίνει σβέννυσθαι τὸ φῶς), ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἐμψύχων τό τε γῆρας ταὐτὸ ποιεῖ τοῦτο καὶ τῶν νόσων αἱ μακραὶ καὶ συντηκτικαί.
This is manifest in inanimate things, in the case of a lamp (for when the oil is consumed, the light is extinguished), and in animate things old age does this same thing, as do long and wasting diseases.
ἀναιρουμένης γὰρ ἢ λεπτυνομένης τῆς τοῦ θερμοῦ τροφῆς ἐκλύειν αὐτὸ συμβαίνει.
For when the nourishment of the heat is removed or made thin, it happens that the heat is weakened.
ὑγρῷ μὲν γὰρ τρέφεται τὸ θερμόν, τούτῳ δὲ οὐ τῷ τυχόντι, ἀλλὰ λείῳ καὶ πλείονι.
For heat is nourished by moisture, not just any moisture, but that which is smooth and abundant.
διὸ τοῖς νοσοῦσι τὰς εἰρημένας νόσους καὶ πρεσβυτέροις φθειρομένου τοῦ τοιούτου καὶ ἀλλοιουμένου (δριμὺ γὰρ καὶ αὐχμηρὸν ἀντὶ λείου καὶ λιπαροῦ γίνεται) συμβαίνει ἐκλείπειν αὐτό.
Therefore, in those suffering from the mentioned diseases and in older people, as this kind of moisture is destroyed and altered (for it becomes pungent and dry instead of smooth and oily), it happens that the heat fails.
σημεῖον δὲ τῶν εἰρημένων ἐστὶν αἱ γινόμεναι βοήθειαι τοῖς μαράνσει τὸν βίον ἐκλείπουσιν· ὅ τι γὰρ ἂν ἐπιστάζῃ τις αὐτοῖς τῶν τροφωδῶν ὑγρῶν, προσαναφέρεσθαι συμβαίνει· τὸ δὲ ὀπτικὸν αὐτῶν, ὡς τῇ τοῦ τοιούτου ἐκλείψει γινομένης τῆς διαλύσεως.
A proof of what has been said is the assistance given to those whose life is failing through wasting; for whatever nourishing fluid one drops on them, they happen to be revived; and their vision also, as the dissolution occurs because of the failure of such a thing.
ἔοικεν δὲ τοῖς ἀκρατοποτοῦσι τοῦτ’ εἶναι αἴτιον.
And this seems to be the cause in those who drink unmixed wine.
ὢν γὰρ θερμὸς ὁ οἶνος μετὰ τῆς φύσει ὑπαρχούσης θερμότητος μᾶλλον ἀναλίσκει τὰ ἐν τῷ σώματι ὑπάρχοντα ἐφόδια τῷ οἰκείῳ θερμῷ.
For the wine, being warm, together with the naturally pre-existing heat, consumes more of the provisions present in the body for its own heat.
διὸ συμβαίνει τοὺς μὲν ὑδρωπικοὺς αὐτῶν γίνεσθαι, τοὺς δὲ ῥευματικούς, τοὺς δὲ εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν.
Hence it happens that some of them become dropsical, others catarrhal, others affected in their bowels.
τά τε γὰρ λοιπὰ αὐτοῖς ὑγρὰ δριμέα ἐστίν, καὶ τὰ εἰσιόντα δι’ ἀσθένειαν τοῦ οικείου θερμοῦ ἁπαλὰ ὄντα οὐ παχύνεται.
For their remaining fluids are pungent, and the things that enter, being mild, are not thickened because of the weakness of their own heat.
ἀσθενὲς δέ ἐστι τὸ θερμὸν τῷ τὴν ὕλην εἶναι τοιαύτην ἐν ᾧ ἔτι σῴζεται, καθάπερ τὸ καλάμινον πῦρ· καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο διὰ τὴν τῆς ὕλης ἀσθένειαν ἀσθενέστερόν ἐστι τοῦ ξυλίνου.
And the heat is weak because the material in which it is still preserved is of such a kind, like a fire of reeds; for this too, owing to the weakness of its material, is weaker than a fire of wood.