§20.9Διὰ τί, ἐάν τις τὰς κολοκύνθας εὐθὺς μικρὰς οὔσας κρύψῃ τῇ γῇ ἢ τοὺς σικύους, μείζους γίνονται;
Why is it that, if someone covers pumpkins or cucumbers in the earth as soon as they are small, they become larger?
ἢ διότι τὰ πνεύματα καὶ ὁ ἥλιος ξηραίνοντα ἀφαιροῦνται τὴν αὔξησιν, καὶ τοὺς ὄγκους ἐλάττους μὲν ποιοῦσιν πάντων, στιφροτέρους δέ, ὥσπερ καὶ τῶν δένδρων τά τε ἐν προσηνέμοις καὶ ἑλώδεσιν καὶ τὰ ἐν κοίλοις καὶ ἐφύδροις (τὰ μὲν γὰρ μεγάλα γίνονται καὶ σομφά, τὰ δὲ μικρὰ καὶ πυκνά)· ἐν δὲ τῇ γῇ κρυφθέντα ἐναντία πάσχοντα ἐναντίως ἀποβαίνει.
Or is it because the winds and the sun, by drying them, deprive them of their growth, and make the bulk of all things smaller but firmer, just as with trees, both those in windy and marshy places and those in hollows and watery places (for the former become large and spongy, while the latter become small and dense); but those covered in the earth, suffering the opposite, turn out in the opposite way?
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ εἰς ἀγγεῖα τιθέμενα, σίκυοι εἰς νάρθηκας κοίλους ἢ καλυπτῆρας καὶ ῥοιαὶ καὶ μῆλα εἰς χύτρας, τὰ μὲν μεγάλα σομφὰ δέ, οἱ δὲ μικροὶ στερροὶ αὐξανόμενοι, μὴ εἰς ἀντίτυπον.
Likewise also with things placed in vessels, cucumbers in hollow giant fennels or covers, and pomegranates and apples in pots: some grow large and spongy, while others grow small and solid, provided they do not grow against what resists them.
αἰτία δὲ ἡ τροφὴ πλείων γινομένη διὰ τὸ μήτε ἀποπνεῖσθαι, μήτε ξηραίνεσθαι· τὸ γὰρ ἀποστέγον κωλύει ταῦτα πάσχειν.
And the cause is that the nourishment becomes greater because of their neither breathing out nor being dried; for that which covers them prevents them from suffering these things.
§20.10Διὰ τί τὰ σπέρματα τῶν δριμέων φυτῶν δριμύτερά ἐστιν ἢ αἱ ῥίζαι καὶ τὰ φύλλα;
Why are the seeds of pungent plants more pungent than their roots and leaves?
ἢ διότι ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος γίνεται ἅπαντα, καὶ εἰς τὰ ἄλλα δίδοται μέρη ἐκ τούτου, οἱονεὶ ἐνυπάρχοντα, ὥς φασί τινες, καὶ οἱ χυμοὶ καὶ αἱ ὀσμαί, ἐπεὶ καὶ αἱ ὀσμαὶ ἴδιοι γίνονται ἅμα τοῖς σπέρμασιν ἅπασιν.
Or is it because all things arise from the seed, and are distributed to the other parts from this, as if juices and odors were already present in it, as some say, since unique odors also arise together with all seeds?
εἰ οὖν ἐκ τούτου καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἡ δριμύτης ὑπάρχει, εὔλογον καὶ αὐτὸ ὑπάρχειν μάλιστα.
If therefore pungency belongs to the other parts from this, it is reasonable that it should belong most of all to the seed itself.
§20.11Διὰ τί αἱ ῥαφανῖδες αἱ λεπταὶ δριμύτεραι;
Why are thin radishes more pungent?
ἢ ὅτι αἱ μείζους διὰ τὸν χρόνον πεπεμμέναι μᾶλλον;
Or is it because the larger ones are more concocted due to time?
§20.12Διὰ τί ἡ κάππαρις οὐκ ἐθέλει ῥᾳδίως ἐν τοῖς ἐργασίμοις γίνεσθαι χωρίοις (πολλοὶ γὰρ πεπείρανται καὶ ῥίζας μεταφέροντες καὶ σπέρματα καταβάλλοντες· ἐνιαχοῦ γὰρ λυσιτελεῖ μᾶλλον τῶν ῥόδων), ἀλλὰ φύεται μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῶν τάφων, ὅτι ἀβατώτατος ὁ τόπος ἐστίν.
Why does the caper not wish to grow easily in cultivated areas (for many have made trial both by transplanting roots and by casting down seeds; for in some places it is more profitable than roses), but grows mostly on tombs, because that place is most untrodden?
περὶ δὲ δὴ τούτου καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτα, δεῖ λαβεῖν ὅτι οὐχ ἅπαντα ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς ὕλης γίνεται οὐδ’ αὔξεται, ἀλλ’ ἔνια ἐξ ἄλλων φθορᾶς καὶ ἐξ ἀρχῆς γίνεται καὶ αὐξάνεται, οἷον οἱ φθεῖρες καὶ αἱ τρίχες ἐν τῷ σώματι διαφθειρομένης τῆς τροφῆς, καὶ ἀεὶ τὸ χεῖρον ἔχοντος.
Now concerning this and all other such things, one must grasp that not all things arise or grow from the same matter, but some arise and grow from the decay of other things and from the very beginning, just like lice and hair in the body when nourishment is decayed, and when it is always in a worse state.
ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ τῶν ἐν σώματι ἔνια γίνεται ἐκ περιττώματος τροφῆς, τοῦτο δ’ ἐστὶν ἀπεψία, καὶ οὗ μὴ ἐδύνατο κρατῆσαι ἡ φύσις, τὰ μὲν προχειρότατα εἰς κύστιν καὶ κοιλίαν ἀποκρίνεται, ἐξ ἐνίων δὲ ζῷα γίνεται, διὸ καὶ αὐξάνονται ταῦτα ἐν γήρᾳ καὶ νόσοις, οὕτως ἐν τῇ γῇ τὰ μὲν ἐκ πεπεμμένης τῆς τροφῆς γίνεται καὶ αὐξάνεται, τὰ δὲ ἐκ περιττωμάτων καὶ ἐναντίως ἐχόντων.
Just as, therefore, some of the things in the body arise from the residue of nourishment—and this is indigestion, and what nature was unable to master, of which the most ready are secreted into the bladder and the belly, but from some of them animals arise, wherefore these also increase in old age and diseases—so in the earth some things arise and grow from concocted nourishment, while others from residues and things in the opposite state.
ἡ δὲ γεωργία πέττει καὶ ἐνεργὸν ποιεῖ τὴν τροφήν· ἐξ ἧς συνίστανται οἱ ἥμεροι καρποί.
And agriculture concocts and makes the nourishment active, from which cultivated fruits are formed.
ἅ μὲν οὖν ἐκ τοιαύτης γίνεται ἡμερότητος, ἥμερα καλεῖται διὰ τὸ ἀπὸ τέχνης ὠφελεῖσθαι ὥσπερ παιδευόμενα· ὅσα δὲ μὴ δύναται ἢ καὶ ἐξ ἐναντίως ἔχοντος συνίσταται, ταῦτα ἄγριά ἐστιν καὶ οὐκ ἐθέλει γίνεσθαι ἐν γεωργησίμῳ.
Those therefore which arise from such cultivation are called cultivated, because they benefit from art just as if they were being educated; but as many as are not able, or are even formed from the opposite state, these are wild and do not wish to grow in cultivated land.
ἡ γὰρ γεωργία φθείρει αὐτὰ παιδεύουσα· ἐκ γὰρ φθορᾶς γίνεται.
For agriculture destroys them by educating them; for they arise from decay.
ὧν καὶ ἡ κάππαρίς ἐστιν.
Among which is also the caper.