§16.8Τῶν περὶ τὴν κλεψύδραν συμβαινόντων τὸ μὲν ὅλον ἔοικεν αἴτιον εἶναι καθάπερ Ἀναξαγόρας λέγει· ὁ γὰρ ἀήρ ἐστιν αἴτιος, ἐναπολαμβανόμενος ἐν αὐτῇ, τοῦ μὴ εἰσιέναι τὸ ὕδωρ ἐπιληφθέντος τοῦ αὐλοῦ.
Of the phenomena concerning the clepsydra, the whole seems to have its cause just as Anaxagoras says; for the air, being intercepted in it when the tube is blocked, is the cause of the water not entering.
οὐ μὴν ἀπλῶς γε αἴτιος κἂν γάρ τις αὐτὴν πλαγίαν ἐνῇ εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ, ἐπιλαβὼν τὸν αὐλόν, εἴσεισι τὸ ὕδωρ.
Yet it is not so in a simple sense; for even if one inserts it obliquely into the water, having blocked the tube, the water will enter.
διόπερ οὐ λέγεται ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ ἱκανῶς ᾗ αἴτιόν ἐστιν.
Therefore, it is not adequately stated by him in what way it is the cause.
ἔστι δὲ αἴτιον μέν, καθάπερ εἴρηται, ὁ ἀήρ· οὗτος δὲ ὠθούμενός τε καὶ καθ’ ἑαυτὸν φερόμενος καὶ μὴ βιαζόμενος ἐπ’ εὐθείας πέφυκεν φέρεσθαι, καθάπερ καὶ ἄλλα στοιχεῖα.
But the cause is indeed the air, as has been said; and this, when pushed and carried by itself and not forced, naturally travels in a straight line, just as the other elements do.
πλαγίας μὲν οὖν βαφείσης τῆς κλεψύδρας, διὰ τῶν ἐναντίων τοῖς ἐν τῷ ὕδατι τρυπημάτων ἐπ’ εὐθείας μένων ὑπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος ἐξέρχεται, ὑποχωροῦντος δὲ αὐτοῦ τὸ ὕδωρ εἰσέρχεται·
When, therefore, the clepsydra is dipped obliquely, [the air] escapes through the holes opposite to those in the water, remaining in a straight line, being pushed out by the water, and as it withdraws, the water enters.
ὀρθῆς δὲ εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ βαφείσης τῆς κλεψύδρας, οὐ δυνάμενος πρὸς ὀρθὴν ὑποχωρεῖν διὰ τὸ πεφρᾶχθαι τὰ ἄνω, μένει περὶ τὰ πρῶτα τρυπήματα· ἄττεσθαι γὰρ εἰς αὐτὸν οὐ πέφυκεν.
But when the clepsydra is dipped straight into the water, since the air cannot withdraw vertically because the upper parts are blocked, it remains around the first holes; for it is not its nature [for the water] to rush into it.
σημεῖον δ’ ἐστὶ τοῦ εἴργειν δύνασθαι τὸ ὕδωρ ἀκινητίζοντα τὸν ἀέρα τὸ ἐπ’ αὐτῆς γινόμενον τῆς κλεψύδρας.
And a proof that the stationary air is able to keep out the water is what happens in the clepsydra itself.
ἐὰν γάρ τις αὐτῆς αὐτὴν τὴν κωδίαν ἐμπλήσας ὕδατος, ἐπιλαβὼν τὸν αὐλόν, καταστρέψῃ ἐπὶ τὸν αὐλόν, οὐ φέρεται τὸ ὕδωρ διὰ τοῦ αὐλοῦ ἐπὶ στόμα.
For if one fills its bulb itself with water and, having blocked the tube, turns it upside down towards the tube, the water is not carried through the tube to the mouth.
ἀνοιχθέντος δὲ τοῦ στόματος οὐκ εὐθὺς ἐκρεῖ κατὰ τὸν αὐλόν, ἀλλὰ μικροτέρῳ ὕστερον, ὡς οὐκ ὂν ἐπὶ τῷ στόματι τοῦ αὐλοῦ, ἀλλ’ ὕστερον διὰ τούτου φερόμενον ἀνοιχθέντος.
And when the mouth is opened, it does not immediately flow out along the tube, but a little later, as though it were not at the mouth of the tube, but was carried through it later after it was opened.
πλήρους τε καὶ ὀρθῆς οὔσης τῆς κλεψύδρας, ἀνοιχθέντος τοῦ αὐλοῦ εὐθὺς ῥεῖ διὰ τοῦ ἠθμοῦ, διὰ τὸ ἐκείνου μὲν ἅπτεσθαι, τῶν δὲ ἄκρων τοῦ αὐλοῦ μὴ ἅπτεσθαι.
Also, when the clepsydra is full and upright, when the tube is opened, it immediately flows through the strainer, because [the water] touches the strainer, but does not touch the ends of the tube.
οὐκ εἰσέρχεται μὲν οὖν τὸ ὕδωρ εἰς τὴν κλεψύδραν διὰ τὴν προειρημένην αἰτίαν, ἐξέρχεται δὲ ἀνοιχθέντος τοῦ αὐλοῦ διὰ τὸ τὸν ἐν αὐτῷ ἀέρα κινούμενον ἄνω καὶ κάτω πολλὴν κένωσιν ποιεῖν τοῦ ἐν τῇ κλεψύδρᾳ ὕδατος.
Thus, the water does not enter the clepsydra for the aforementioned reason, but it goes out when the tube is opened, because the air in it, moving up and down, makes a great emptying of the water in the clepsydra.
ὠθούμενον δὲ κάτω καὶ αὐτὸ ῥέπον εἰς αὐτὸ εἰκότως ἐκρεῖ, βιαζόμενον τὸν ἐκτὸς τῆς κλεψύδρας ἀέρα κινούμενόν τε καὶ ὄντα ἴσον τῇ δυνάμει τῷ ἐπωθοῦντι αὐτὸν ἀέρι, τῇ δὲ ἀντερείσει ἀσθενέστερον ἐκείνου διὰ τὸ διὰ στενοῦ αὐτὸν τοῦ αὐλοῦ ῥέοντα θᾶττον καὶ σφοδρότερον ῥεῖν, καὶ προσπίπτειν τῷ ὕδατι.
And [the water] itself being pushed down and inclining towards it, naturally flows out, forcing its way through the air outside the clepsydra, which is moved and is equal in power to the air that pushes it on, but weaker than the latter in its resistance, because the latter, flowing through the narrow tube, flows faster and more violently, and strikes against the water.
τοῦ δέ, πωμασθέντος τοῦ αὐλοῦ, μὴ συρρεῖν τὸ ὕδωρ αἴτιον, ὅτι τὸ ὕδωρ εἰσιὸν εἰς τὴν κλεψύδραν ἐξωθεῖ βίᾳ τὸν ἀέρα ἐξ αὐτῆς.
But the cause of the water not flowing down when the tube is covered is that the water, on entering the clepsydra, forcibly pushes the air out of it.
σημεῖον δέ ἐστι τὸ γινόμενον ἐν ταύτῃ πνεῦμα καὶ ἐρυγμός.
A proof of this is the wind and the gurgling that occur in it.
εἰσιόντος δὲ τοῦ ὕδατος, βίᾳ ὠθοῦν συνεισπίπτει εἰς τὸν αὐλὸν αὐτοῦ, καθάπερ τὰ ἐκπιεστὰ ξύλα ἢ χαλκὸς τῇ διαιρέσει πιεζόμενος, μένει ἄνευ παντὸς ἄλλου συνδέσμου 〈,ἕως ἂν〉ἐκκρουσθῇ ἐκ τοῦ ἐναντίου, καθάπερ τοὺς κατεαγότας ὀπιούρους ἐν τοῖς ξύλοις ἐκκρούουσιν.
For as the water enters, [the air] being forcibly pushed is driven along with it into its tube, just like compressed pieces of wood, or bronze pressed by division, which remains without any other binding until it is knocked out from the opposite side, just as they knock out broken plugs in wood.
συμβαίνει δὲ τοῦτο ἀνοιχθέντος τοῦ αὐλοῦ γίνεσθαι διὰ τὰ προειρημένα.
And this happens when the tube is opened because of the aforementioned reasons.
ἢ οὖν διὰ ταῦτα εἰκός ἐστιν αὐτὸν μὴ ἐκρεῖν, ἢ ἐξιόντος βιαίου ἀέρος καὶ πνευματουμένου.
Either, then, it is natural for it not to flow out because of these things, or because of the violent and windy air that goes out.
δηλοῖ δὲ ὁ ψόφος ἐπισπᾶσθαι τῷ πνεύματι τὸ ὕδωρ ἄνω, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ πολλῶν συμβαίνει γίνεσθαι.
And the noise shows that the water is drawn upwards by the wind, as happens in many cases.
ἐπισπώμενον δὲ καὶ συνεχὲς ὂν αὑτῷ πᾶν τὸ ὕδωρ μένει πιεζόμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀέρος, ἕως ἂν ἀπωσθῇ πάλιν ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ.
And all the water, being drawn up and continuous with itself, remains pressed by the air, until it is pushed away again by it.
τῆς δὲ ἀρχῆς μενούσης, καὶ τὸ ἄλλο ἐξ αὐτῆς κρέμαται ὕδωρ ἓν καὶ συνεχές.
And since the beginning remains, the rest of the water hangs from it, being one and continuous.
εὔλογον δὲ τοῦτο γίνεσθαι· τοῦ γὰρ αὐτοῦ ἐστὶ κινῆσαί τε ἐκ τῆς οἰκείας χώρας τι, καὶ τοῦτο ἴσχειν, ὡς ἐκείνης, ἐν πλείονι δὲ χρόνῳ, ἐὰν ᾖ ὅμοια τῇ δυνάμει τό τε ἔχον καὶ τὸ ἐχόμενον, ἢ τὸ ἔχον κρεῖττον, ὅπερ ἐνταῦθα συμβαίνει· πνεῦμα γὰρ ὕδατος ἐστι κρεῖττον τῇ δυνάμει.
And it is reasonable that this should happen; for it belongs to the same thing both to move something from its proper place and to hold it, as from that place, but for a longer time, if the holder and the held are equal in power, or the holder is stronger, which is what happens here; for the wind is stronger in power than the water.