§16.1Διὰ τί αἱ μὲν βάσεις τῶν πομφολύγων λευκαὶ ἐν τοῖς ὕδασι·
Why are the bases of bubbles white in water?
καὶ ἐὰν ἐν ἡλίῳ τεθῶσι, σκιὰν οὐ ποιοῦσιν, ἀλλ’ ἡ μὲν ἄλλη πομφόλυξ σκιὰν ποιεῖ, ἡ δὲ βάσις οὐ ποιεῖ, ἀλλ’ ἡλίωται κύκλῳ.
And if they are placed in the sun, why do they not cast a shadow, but while the rest of the bubble casts a shadow, the base does not, but is illuminated by the sun all around?
τὸ δὲ ἔτι θαυμασιώτερον, ὅτι οὐδ’ ἐάν τι τεθῇ ξύλον εἰς τὸ ὕδωρ ἐν τῷ ἡλίῳ, τέμνεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος ταῦτα.
What is still more wonderful is that even if a piece of wood is placed in the water in the sun, these are not cut by the water.
ἢ οὐ γίνεται σκιά, ἀλλ’ ἡλίῳ διῄρηται ἡ σκιά;
Or is it that a shadow is not formed, but the shadow is divided by the sun?
εἰ οὖν σκιά ἐστιν τὸ μὴ ὁρώμενον, καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου κύκλῳ ἂν ὁρῷτο ὁ ὄγκος.
If, then, the shadow is that which is not seen, the mass would be seen all around by the sun.
τοῦτο δὲ ὅτι ἀδύνατον, δείκνυται ἐν τοῖς ὀπτικοῖς· οὐδὲ γὰρ τὸ ἐλάχιστον ὑπὸ τοῦ μεγίστου ἐνδέχεται ὅλον περιοφθῆναι.
But that this is impossible is shown in Optics; for it is not possible for even the smallest thing to be entirely seen all around by the greatest.
§16.2Διὰ τί αἱ πομφόλυγες ἡμισφαίρια;
Why are bubbles hemispheres?
ἢ διὰ τὸ ὡς ἀπὸ κέντρου πρὸς τὸν ἀέρα φέρεσθαι ἄνω ὁμοίως πάντη;
Is it because they are carried upward from a center toward the air equally in every direction?
ἀνάγκη δὲ τοῦτο ἡμισφαίριον εἶναι.
And that which is thus moved must of necessity be a hemisphere.
τὸ κάτω δὲ ἡμισφαίριον ἀποτέμνεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐπιπέδου τοῦ ὑδατώδους, ἐν ᾧ τὸ κέντρον ἐστίν.
But the lower hemisphere is cut off by the plane of the water's surface, in which the center is.
§16.3Διὰ τί τοῖς ἄνισον τὸ βάθος ἔχουσι μεγέθεσιν, ἐάν τις τὸ κουφότερον κινῇ, κύκλῳ περιφέρεται τὸ βαλλόμενον, οἷον τοῖς μεμολιβδωμένοις ἀστραγάλοις συμβαίνει, ἐάν τις βάλλῃ τὸ κουφότερον πρὸς αὐτὸν στρέψας μέρος;
Why in magnitudes having unequal depth, if one moves the lighter part, does the object thrown revolve in a circle, as happens to loaded knucklebones if one throws them after turning the lighter part toward oneself?
ἢ ὅτι τὸ βαρύτερον ἀδύνατον ἰσοδρομεῖν τῷ κουφοτέρῳ, ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς ἰσχύος ῥιφθέν;
Is it because it is impossible for the heavier part to keep pace with the lighter when thrown with the same force?
ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀνάγκη μὲν πάμπαν κινεῖσθαι, ἐξ ἴσου δὲ ἀδύνατον, ὁμοταχῶς μὲν φερόμενα τὴν αὐτὴν οἰσθήσεται γραμμήν, θᾶττον δὲ θατέρου φερομένου κύκλον ἀνάγκη φέρεσθαι, ἐπειδὴ ἐν τούτῳ μόνῳ τῷ σχήματι ταῦτα ἀεὶ κατάλληλα ὄντα σημεῖα ἐν ταὐτῷ χρόνῳ ἀνίσους διέρχεται γραμμάς.
Since, then, it is absolutely necessary that it should move, but impossible that it should move equally, if they were carried with equal speed they would travel along the same line, but if one is carried faster than the other, it must of necessity travel in a circle, since in this figure alone do these points, which always correspond to each other, traverse unequal lines in the same time.
§16.4Διὰ τί τὰ πίπτοντα ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ ἀφαλλόμενα ὁμοίας γωνίας ποιεῖ πρὸς τὸ ἐπίπεδον ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα τοῦ σημείου ᾧ ἥψατο τοῦ ἐπιπέδου;
Why do objects falling upon the earth and rebounding make similar angles with the plane on either side of the point where they touched the plane?
ἢ ὅτι πάντα μὲν φύσει φέρεται πρὸς ὀρθήν;
Is it because all things are by nature carried at right angles?
τὰ μὲν οὖν εἰς ὁμαλὲς πεσόντα, τῇ καθέτῳ καὶ τῇ διαμέτρῳ προσκρούσαντα τῷ ἐπιπέδῳ, τοσαύτας ποιεῖ γωνίας ἀφαλλόμενα διὰ τὸ τὴν μὲν διάμετρον ἴσα διαιρεῖν·
Now, those falling on a flat surface, striking the plane at the perpendicular and the diameter, make such angles when rebounding because the diameter divides things equally.
τὰ δὲ εἰς τὰ πλάγια πίπτοντα, οὐ τῇ καθέτῳ προσκρούοντα τῷ χωρίῳ, ἀλλὰ τῷ ἀνωτέρω τῆς καθέτου σημείῳ, συμβαίνει πάλιν ἀνωσθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ πληγέντος τόπου εἰς τοὐναντίον φέρεσθαι, τὰ μὲν στρογγύλα, ὅτε ἐν αὐτῷ φερόμενα εἰς τοὐναντίον τῆς ἀπώσεως ἐξελίττεται, ἐάν τε ἠρεμῇ τὸ μέσον αὐτῶν ἐάν τε καὶ τόπον διαλλάττῃ·
But those falling obliquely, not striking the spot at the perpendicular but at a point higher than the perpendicular, happen to be pushed back again by the struck place and carried in the opposite direction. Spherical objects do so when, being carried within themselves, they rotate in the direction opposite to the repulsion, whether their center remains at rest or changes its place.
τὰ δ’ εὐθύγραμμα διὰ τὸ τὴν κάθετον αὐτὴν εἰς τοὔμπροσθεν προσηνέχθη ἐκκρούεσθαι, καθάπερ τοῖς τε ξυρουμένοις τὰ σκέλη συμβαίνει, καὶ ὧν τοὺς κολύθρους ὑφαρπάζουσιν.
Straight-lined objects do so because the perpendicular itself is driven out as it is carried forward, just as happens to those who have their legs swept from under them, and to those whose stools are snatched away.
πάντες γὰρ οὗτοι εἰς τοὐναντίον καὶ ὄπισθεν ἐπιπίπτουσιν. διὰ τὸ ἰσάζειν αὐτὰ τὴν κάθετον, μετέωρόν τε εἶναι καὶ εἰς τοὔμπροσθεν ἐκκρούεσθαι· τὰ γὰρ ἐναντία δῆλον ὅτι αὐτῆς ὄπισθέ τε καὶ κάτω συμβήσεται γίνεσθαι, κάτω δὲ φερόμενα βαρύτερα ἂν εἴη.
For all these fall in the opposite direction and backward, because they try to align themselves with the perpendicular, yet are raised up and driven forward; for it is clear that the opposite things will happen behind and below it, and those carried downward would be heavier.
ὃ οὖν τούτοις πτῶμα, τοῖς ἀφαλλομένοις φορὰν συμβαίνει γίνεσθαι.
What, then, is a fall for these people, happens to be a movement for rebounding objects.
πρὸς ὀρθὴν μὲν οὖν οὐδέτερα αὐτῶν ἀφάλλεται διὰ τὸ τὴν μὲν κάθετον δίχα τῷ βάρει διαιρεῖν τὰ φερόμενα, καθέτους δὲ πλείους πρὸς ταὐτὸ ἐπίπεδον μὴ γίνεσθαι τεμνούσας αὐτάς·
Now, neither of them rebounds at a right angle because the perpendicular divides the carried objects in half by their weight, and multiple perpendiculars intersecting each other do not exist on the same plane.
ὃ τούτοις συμβήσεται καθέτου γινομένης κατὰ τὴν ἔφαλσιν, ᾗ προσέκρουσε τῷ ἐπιπέδῳ τὸ φερόμενον, διχοτομεῖσθαι πάλιν ὑπ’ αὐτῆς αὐτὸ συμβήσεται, ὥστε ἀναγκαῖον τέμνεσθαι ὑπ’ αὐτῆς τὴν πρώτην κάθετον ὑφ’ ἧς ἐφέρετο.
If this happens to them when a perpendicular is formed at the rebound where the carried object struck the plane, it will happen that it is again bisecting by it, so that it is necessary for the first perpendicular, along which it was carried, to be cut by it.
ἐπεὶ δ’ εἰς τοὐναντίον μὲν οἰσθήσεται, πρὸς ὀρθὴν δὲ οὐκ οἰσθήσεται, λοιπὸν ὀξεῖαν γίνεσθαι γωνίαν τὴν ἐπὶ θατέρῳ τοῦ προσπεσόντος τῷ ἐπιπέδῳ σημείου· ὅρος γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ὀρθὴ τῶν ἐναντίων γωνιῶν.
Since, then, it will be carried in the opposite direction, but will not be carried at a right angle, it remains that an acute angle is formed on one side of the point of impact on the plane; for the right angle is the boundary of opposite angles.