§11.24Διὰ τί τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ζῴων τὰ νέα καὶ νήπια ὀξύτερον φθέγγονται τῶν τελείων, οἱ δὲ μόσχοι βαρύτερον τῶν τελείων βοῶν;
Why is it that while among other animals the young and infant ones utter a higher pitch than the mature, calves utter a lower pitch than mature cattle?
ἢ ὅτι ἐν ἑκάστῳ γένει τὸ νήπιον ὅμοιόν ἐστι τῷ ἐν αὐτῷ θήλει;
Is it because in each genus the infant is similar to the female in it?
τῶν βοῶν δὲ αἱ θήλειαι βαρύτερον φθέγγονται τῶν ἀρρένων, οἱ δὲ μόσχοι ταύταις ὁμοιότεροί εἰσιν ἢ τοῖς ἄρρεσιν· τὰ δὲ ἄλλα τοὐναντίον.
And among cattle the females utter a lower pitch than the males, and calves are more similar to these than to the males; while with others it is the opposite?
§11.25Διὰ τί, ὅταν ἀχυρωθῶσιν αἱ ὀρχῆστραι, ἧττον οἱ χοροὶ γεγώνασιν;
Why is it that when the orchestras are strewn with chaff, the choruses are less resonant?
ἢ διὰ τὴν τραχύτητα προσπίπτουσα ἡ φωνὴ οὐ πρὸς λεῖον τὸ [δὲ] ἔδαφος ἧττον γίνεται μία, ὥστ’ ἐλάττων;
Is it because the voice, falling upon a ground that is not smooth because of the roughness, becomes less unified, and so smaller?
οὐ γὰρ συνεχής.
For it is not continuous.
ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ φῶς ἐπὶ τῶν λείων μᾶλλον 〈φαίνει〉 διὰ τὸ 〈μὴ〉 διαλαμβάνεσθαι τοῖς ἐμποδίζουσιν.
Just as light also shines more upon smooth surfaces because of its not being interrupted by obstacles.
§11.26Διὰ τί ποτε ὁ ἅλς, ὅταν εἰς πῦρ ἐμβληθῇ, ψοφεῖ;
Why ever is it that salt, when it is thrown into fire, makes a noise?
ἢ ὅτι ὁ ἃλς ὑγρὸν ἔχει οὐ πολύ, ὃ ὑπὸ τοῦ θερμοῦ ἐκπνευματούμενον καὶ βίᾳ ἐκπῖπτον σχίζει τὸν ἅλα;
Is it because salt contains a small amount of moisture, which, being vaporized by the heat and escaping violently, splits the salt?
τὸ δὲ σχιζόμενον ἅπαν ψοφεῖ.
And everything that is split makes a noise.
§11.27Διὰ τί ποτε τῶν παιδίων ἔνια, πρὶν ἥκειν τὴν ἡλικίαν ἐν ᾗ σαφηνίζειν ὥρα αὐτοῖς, φθεγξάμενα καὶ σαφῶς εἰπόντα πάλιν ὁμοίως διάγουσιν, ἕως ἂν ἔλθῃ ὁ εἰωθὼς χρόνος;
Why is it that some infants, before reaching the age when it is time for them to speak clearly, having uttered a sound and spoken clearly, then live in the same way as before, until the usual time arrives?
ἃ δὴ πολλοὶ τέρατα νομίζουσιν εἶναι.
Which indeed many consider to be portents.
ἤδη δ’ ἔνια λέγεται καὶ εὐθὺς γινόμενα φθέγξασθαι.
And some are even said to have spoken immediately upon birth.
ἢ ὅτι ὡς μὲν ἐπὶ πολὺ τὰ πλείω τε τῶν γενομένων γίνεται κατὰ φύσιν, διὸ ὀλίγοις τοῦτο συμβαίνει, καὶ φύσει ἅμα κατάλληλα τελειοῦται·
Is it because for the most part the majority of births happen according to nature, which is why this occurs to few, and they are perfected by nature simultaneously in a corresponding manner?
διὸ καὶ ἀκούει τε ἅμα καὶ φωνεῖ καὶ ξυνίησι κατὰ τὴν ἀκοὴν καὶ λέγει καὶ σαφηνίζει.
Wherefore they simultaneously hear and make vocal sounds, and understand according to what they hear, and speak, and articulate clearly.
οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ πολλάκις οὐκ ἀπαρτίζει τὰ αὐτά, ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν ξυνίησι πρότερον ἢ τοῦτο τὸ μόριον ἀπολυθῆναι ᾧ διαλέγεται, τοῖς δὲ τοὐναντίον.
Nevertheless, often these same things do not develop in perfect alignment, but some understand before this part with which they converse is released, while with others it is the opposite.
ταῦτα μὲν οὖν οὐκ ἂν διαλεχθείη συνετῶς (ἃ γὰρ ἂν ἀκούσωσι, διαλέγονται)· ἀλλ’ ὅταν ἥκῃ καιρὸς ἀμφοῖν, ἀποδιδόασι τὸ κατὰ φύσιν.
These, then, would not converse with understanding (for they converse about whatever they hear); but when the time for both arrives, they render what is according to nature.
ὅσοις δὲ ἔμπροσθεν ἡ κατὰ τὴν ἀκοὴν αἴσθησις διακριβοῦται ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ, ᾧ πρώτῳ κινοῦσι τὴν φωνὴν καὶ ποιοῦσι λόγον, τούτοις ἐνίοτε γίνεται ἤδη ξυνιεῖσι πολλὰ καὶ δύναμίς τις τοῦ μορίου καὶ ἀπόλυσις, μάλιστα μὲν μετὰ ὕπνον τινά (τούτου δ’ αἴτιον ὅτι ὁ ὕπνος καὶ τὰ σώματα νωθέστερα ποιεῖ καὶ τὰ μόρια ἀναπαύσας), εἰ δὲ μή, καὶ ἄλλην μεταβολὴν λαβόντα τοιαύτην.
But in those for whom the perception through hearing is previously made precise in the soul—by which they first move the voice and make speech—in these, who already understand many things, there sometimes occurs a certain power and release of the part, especially after some sleep (the cause of this being that sleep makes the bodies more relaxed, having rested the parts), or otherwise, when they have undergone some other such change.
πολλὰ δὲ ἔχομεν τοιαῦτα ποιεῖν, ἃ μικρῶν δεῖται καιρῶν· κἄπειτα οὐκέτι ὁμοίως ἔχει, ὅταν οὕτω τύχῃ τὸ μόριον ἔχον καὶ ἀπολυθέν· ὅταν ἐπιπολῆς ᾖ ἐν τῇ αἰσθήσει ὧν ἐκινήθη διάνοια, κατὰ τὴν ἀκοὴν τοῦτο ἐπανῆλθε καὶ ἐφθέγξατο.
And we have many such things within us to produce, which require only small opportunities; and then it is no longer the same, when the part happens to be in this state and released; when that by which the thought was moved is on the surface of their perception, this returned according to hearing and they spoke.
πολλάκις δὲ καὶ μέλη καὶ ῥήματα ἐπέρχεται οὐκ ἐκ προαιρέσεως ἡμῖν· ἀλλ’ ἐὰν τὸ πρῶτον προελόμενοι εἴπωμεν, ὕστερον ἄνευ προαιρέσεως λέγομεν ἢ ᾄδομεν, καὶ οὐ δύναται ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ἐξελθεῖν.
And often both songs and words occur to us not by choice; but if we first say them by choice, later we speak or sing without choice, and it cannot be stopped from coming out of the mouth.
οὕτω καὶ τοῖς παιδίοις, ὅταν συμβῇ τοῦτο ἐπόν, εἶτα πάλιν καταστῇ εἰς τὴν φύσιν ἐκεῖνο τὸ μόριον, ἕως ἂν ἡ ὥρα ἔλθῃ ἰσχῦσαι αὐτὸ καὶ ἀποκριθῆναι.
So also with infants, when this happens to come upon them, and then that part settles back again into its natural state, until the time comes for it to gain strength and be set free.
§11.28Διὰ τί ἔνια ψοφεῖ καὶ κινεῖται ἐξαίφνης, οἷν τὰ κιβώτια, οὐδενὸς αἰσθητοῦ κινοῦντος;
Why do some things, such as chests, make a noise and move suddenly, when nothing perceptible is moving them?
καίτοι κρεῖττον γέγονε τὸ κινοῦν τοῦ κινουμένου.
And yet that which moves must be stronger than that which is moved.
ὁ δὲ αὐτὸς λόγος καὶ φθορᾶς καὶ γήρως· ὑπὸ ἀναισθήτου γὰρ φθείρεται τὰ λεγόμενα ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου πάντα.
And the same account holds for decay and aging; for all things said to be decayed by time are decayed by something imperceptible.
ἢ ὅμοιον τοῦτο τοῖς σταλαγμοῖς καὶ τοῖς ὑπὸ τῶν ἐκφυομένων αἰρομένοις λίθοις;
Or is this similar to water-drippings and to stones lifted by growing plants?
οὐ γὰρ τὸ τελευταῖον αἴρει ἢ κινεῖ, ἀλλὰ τὸ συνεχές.
For it is not the last that lifts or moves, but the continuous.
ἐπὶ δὲ τούτου συνέβη ἀναισθήτου ὄντος αἰσθητὴν γίνεσθαι τὴν κίνησιν.
And in this case it happened that, while being imperceptible, the movement became perceptible.
οὕτω δὲ καὶ τὸ περιεχόμενον αἰσθητοῖς χρόνοις κινεῖται καὶ διαιρεῖται εἰς ἀναίσθητα, τῷ δὲ παντὶ καὶ συνεχεῖ ἐκίνησε καὶ ἔφθειρεν.
In this way also that which is contained in perceptible times is moved and divided into imperceptible parts, but by the whole and the continuous it is moved and decayed.
συνεχὲς δέ ἐστιν οὐκ ἐν τῷ νῦν, ἀλλ’ ἐν τῷ ὡρισμένῳ χρόνῳ ὑπὸ τοῦ νῦν.
And the continuous is not in the "now", but in the time defined by the "now".