§6.1320aοἳ περιλήψονται μάλιστα τὰ σῴζοντα τὰς πολιτείας, καὶ μὴ νομίζειν τοῦτʼ εἶναι δημοτικὸν μηδʼ ὀλιγαρχικὸν ὃ ποιήσει τὴν πόλιν ὅτι μάλιστα δημοκρατεῖσθαι ἢ ὀλιγαρχεῖσθαι, ἀλλʼ ὃ πλεῖστον χρόνον.
These laws will best encompass the things that preserve constitutions. Moreover, one must not consider that to be democratic or oligarchic which will make the city as democratic or oligarchic as possible, but that which will make it remain so for the longest time.
οἱ δὲ νῦν δημαγωγοὶ χαριζόμενοι τοῖς δήμοις πολλὰ δημεύουσι διὰ τῶν δικαστηρίων.
But the demagogues of today, to gratify the common people, confiscate many properties through the law-courts.
διὸ δεῖ πρὸς ταῦτα ἀντιπράττειν τοὺς κηδομένους τῆς πολιτείας, νομοθετοῦντας μηδὲν εἶναι δημόσιον τῶν καταδικαζομένων καὶ φερόμενον πρὸς τὸ κοινόν, ἀλλʼ ἱερόν·
Therefore, those who care for the constitution must act against this, legislating that nothing of the property of those condemned shall be public or carried to the common treasury, but rather be sacred.
οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀδικοῦντες οὐθὲν ἧττον εὐλαβεῖς ἔσονται (ζημιώσονται γὰρ ὁμοίως), ὁ δʼ ὄχλος ἧττον καταψηφιεῖται τῶν κρινομένων, λήψεσθαι μηδὲν μέλλων.
For those who do wrong will be no less cautious (since they will be penalized in the same way), while the multitude will vote less for condemnation of those on trial, since they are to receive nothing.
ἔτι δὲ τὰς γινομένας δημοσίας δίκας ὡς ὀλιγίστας αἰεὶ ποιεῖν, μεγάλοις ἐπιτιμίοις τοὺς εἰκῇ γραφομένους κωλύοντας·
Furthermore, one must always make the public lawsuits that occur as few as possible, restraining those who bring indictments recklessly by great penalties.
οὐ γὰρ τοὺς δημοτικοὺς ἀλλὰ τοὺς γνωρίμους εἰώθασιν εἰσάγειν, δεῖ δὲ καὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πολιτείᾳ πάντας μάλιστα μὲν εὔνους εἶναι τοὺς πολίτας, εἰ δὲ μή, μή τοί γε ὡς πολεμίους νομίζειν τοὺς κυρίους.
For they are accustomed to bring to court not the democratic citizens but the notable. And even in this constitution, all the citizens should as far as possible be well-disposed to the government, or if not, at least they should not consider those in authority as enemies.
ἐπεὶ δʼ αἱ τελευταῖαι δημοκρατίαι πολυάνθρωποί τέ εἰσι καὶ χαλεπὸν ἐκκλησιάζειν ἀμίσθους, τοῦτο δʼ ὅπου πρόσοδοι μὴ τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι πολέμιον τοῖς γνωρίμοις (ἁπό τε γὰρ εἰσφορᾶς καὶ δημεύσεως ἀναγκαῖον γίνεσθαι καὶ δικαστηρίων φαύλων, ἃ πολλὰς ἤδη δημοκρατίας ἀνέτρεψεν), ὅπου μὲν οὖν πρόσοδοι μὴ τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι, δεῖ ποιεῖν ὀλίγας ἐκκλησίας, καὶ δικαστήρια πολλῶν μὲν ὀλίγας δʼ ἡμέρας (τοῦτο γὰρ φέρει μὲν καὶ πρὸς τὸ μὴ φοβεῖσθαι τοὺς πλουσίους τὰς δαπάνας κἂν οἱ μὲν εὔποροι μὴ λαμβάνωσι δικαστικόν, οἱ δʼ ἄποροι, φέρει δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὸ κρίνεσθαι τὰς δίκας πολὺ βέλτιον· οἱ γὰρ εὔποροι πολλὰς μὲν ἡμέρας οὐκ ἐθέλουσιν ἀπὸ τῶν ἰδίων ἀπεῖναι, βραχὺν δὲ χρόνον ἐθέλουσιν), ὅπου δʼ εἰσὶ πρόσοδοι, μὴ ποιεῖν ὃ νῦν οἱ δημαγωγοὶ ποιοῦσιν (τὰ γὰρ περιόντα νέμουσιν· λαμβάνουσι δὲ ἅμα καὶ πάλιν δέονται τῶν αὐτῶν· ὁ τετρημένος γάρ ἐστι πίθος ἡ τοιαύτη βοήθεια τοῖς ἀπόροις).
And since the last democracies are populous and it is difficult to attend the assembly without pay, and this, where revenues do not happen to exist, is hostile to the notable (for it must necessarily come from direct taxation and confiscations and corrupt law-courts, which have already overthrown many democracies), where revenues do not happen to exist, one must hold few assemblies, and have law-courts of many members but sitting only for a few days. (For this contributes both to the rich not fearing the expenses, even if the wealthy do not receive the court-pay while the poor do, and also to the lawsuits being judged much better; for the wealthy do not wish to be away from their own affairs for many days, but they are willing to do so for a short time.) But where there are revenues, one must not do what the demagogues now do (for they distribute the surplus; and they receive it and at the same time need the same things again, for such help to the poor is like a jar with holes).
ἀλλὰ δεῖ τὸν ἀληθινῶς δημοτικὸν ὁρᾶν ὅπως τὸ πλῆθος μὴ λίαν ἄπορον ᾖ· τοῦτο γὰρ αἴτιον τοῦ μοχθηρὰν εἶναι τὴν δημοκρατίαν.
Rather, the true democrat must see to it that the multitude is not overly poor; for this is the cause of the democracy being corrupt.
τεχναστέον οὖν ὅπως ἂν εὐπορία γένοιτο χρόνιος.
Therefore, one must devise how lasting prosperity might be produced.
ἐπεὶ δὲ συμφέρει τοῦτο καὶ τοῖς εὐπόροις, τὰ μὲν ἀπὸ τῶν προσόδων γινόμενα συναθροίζοντας ἀθρόα χρὴ διανέμειν τοῖς ἀπόροις, μάλιστα μὲν εἴ τις δύναται τοσοῦτον ἀθροίζων ὅσον εἰς γηδίου κτῆσιν, εἰ δὲ μή, πρὸς ἀφορμὴν ἐμπορίας καὶ γεωργίας,
And since this is beneficial also for the wealthy, the funds coming from the revenues should be collected and distributed in a lump sum to the poor, especially, if possible, collecting enough for the purchase of a small plot of land, or if not, for a starting point in trade and agriculture.
§6.1320bκαί, εἰ μὴ πᾶσι δυνατόν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ φυλὰς ἤ τι μέρος ἕτερον ἐν μέρει διανέμειν, ἐν δὲ τούτῳ πρὸς τὰς ἀναγκαίας συνόδους τοὺς εὐπόρους εἰσφέρειν τὸν μισθόν, ἀφειμένους τῶν ματαίων λειτουργιῶν.
And if this is not possible for all, yet one must distribute by turn according to tribes or some other division, and during this time, the wealthy must contribute the pay for the necessary meetings, being excused from vain public services.
τοιοῦτον δέ τινα τρόπον Καρχηδόνιοι πολιτευόμενοι φίλον κέκτηνται τὸν δῆμον· ἀεὶ γάρ τινας ἐκπέμποντες τοῦ δήμου πρὸς τὰς περιοικίδας ποιοῦσιν εὐπόρους.
It is in some such way that the Carthaginians govern and keep the people friendly; for they are always sending some of the common people to the surrounding towns and making them prosperous.
χαριέντων δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ νοῦν ἐχόντων γνωρίμων καὶ διαλαμβάνοντας τοὺς ἀπόρους ἀφορμὰς διδόντας τρέπειν ἐπʼ ἐργασίας.
It is also the part of refined and sensible notable men to divide the poor among themselves, give them resources, and turn them to work.
καλῶς δʼ ἔχει μιμεῖσθαι καὶ τὰ Ταραντίνων.
It is also good to imitate the customs of the Tarentines.
ἐκεῖνοι γὰρ κοινὰ ποιοῦντες τὰ κτήματα τοῖς ἀπόροις ἐπὶ τὴν χρῆσιν εὔνουν παρασκευάζουσι τὸ πλῆθος·
For they, by making their property common for the use of the poor, make the multitude well-disposed.
ἔτι δὲ τὰς ἀρχὰς πάσας ἐποίησαν διττάς, τὰς μὲν αἱρετὰς τὰς δὲ κληρωτάς, τὰς μὲν κληρωτὰς ὅπως ὁ δῆμος αὐτῶν μετέχῃ, τὰς δʼ αἱρετὰς ἵνα πολιτεύωνται βέλτιον.
Furthermore, they made all their offices double, some elected and others chosen by lot; those by lot so that the people might share in them, and those elected so that they might govern better.
ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο ποιῆσαι. καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς ἀρχῆς μερίζοντας τοὺς μὲν κληρωτοὺς τοὺς δʼ αἱρετούς.
And it is possible to do this also by dividing the same office so that some are chosen by lot and others elected.
πῶς μὲν οὖν δεῖ τὰς δημοκρατίας κατασκευάζειν, εἴρηται.
How democracies ought to be constructed has, then, been said.
σχεδὸν δὲ καὶ περὶ τὰς ὀλιγαρχίας πῶς δεῖ φανερὸν ἐκ τούτων.
And from these things it is also nearly clear how one must construct oligarchies.
ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων γὰρ δεῖ συνάγειν ἑκάστην ὀλιγαρχίαν, πρὸς τὴν ἐναντίαν δημοκρατίαν ἀναλογιζόμενον, τὴν μὲν εὔκρατον μάλιστα τῶν ὀλιγαρχιῶν καὶ πρώτην— αὕτη δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ σύνεγγυς τῇ καλουμένῃ πολιτείᾳ, ἐν ᾗ δεῖ τὰ τιμήματα διαιρεῖν, τὰ μὲν ἐλάττω τὰ δὲ μείζω ποιοῦντας, ἐλάττω μὲν ἀφʼ ὧν τῶν ἀναγκαίων μεθέξουσιν ἀρχῶν, μείζω δʼ ἀφʼ ὧν τῶν κυριωτέρων·
For each oligarchy must be put together from the opposites, calculating in relation to the opposite democracy. The most well-blended and first of oligarchies—this is the one close to the so-called polity—in which one must divide the property qualifications, making some smaller and others larger; smaller ones from which they will share in the necessary offices, and larger ones from which they will share in the more sovereign ones.
τῷ τε κτωμένῳ τὸ τίμημα μετέχειν ἐξεῖναι τῆς πολιτείας, τοσούτου εἰσαγομένου τοῦ δήμου πλήθους διὰ τοῦ τιμήματος μεθʼ οὗ κρείττονες ἔσονται τῶν μὴ μετεχόντων·
And it must be allowed for anyone who acquires the property qualification to share in the constitution, admitting through the property qualification a large enough number of the common people so that with them they will be stronger than those who do not share in it.
ἀεὶ δὲ δεῖ παραλαμβάνειν ἐκ τοῦ βελτίονος δήμου τοὺς κοινωνούς.
And one must always take the participants from the better class of the people.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὴν ἐχομένην ὀλιγαρχίαν ἐπιτείνοντας δεῖ μικρὸν κατασκευάζειν.
In like manner, the next oligarchy also must be constructed by tightening the qualification a little.
τῇ δʼ ἀντικειμένῃ τῇ τελευταίᾳ δημοκρατίᾳ, τῇ δυναστικωτάτῃ καὶ τυραννικωτάτῃ τῶν ὀλιγαρχιῶν, ὅσῳ περ χειρίστη, τοσούτῳ δεῖ πλείονος φυλακῆς.
But as for the oligarchy opposite to the last democracy, which is the most dynastic and tyrannical of oligarchies, as much as it is the worst, so much does it need greater vigilance.
ὥσπερ γὰρ τὰ μὲν εὖ σώματα διακείμενα πρὸς ὑγίειαν καὶ πλοῖα τὰ πρὸς ναυτιλίαν καλῶς ἔχοντα τοῖς πλωτῆρσιν ἐπιδέχεται πλείους ἁμαρτίας ὥστε μὴ φθείρεσθαι διʼ αὐτάς, τὰ δὲ νοσερῶς ἔχοντα τῶν σωμάτων καὶ τὰ τῶν πλοίων ἐκλελυμένα καὶ πλωτήρων τετυχηκότα φαύλων οὐδὲ τὰς μικρὰς δύναται φέρειν ἁμαρτίας, οὕτω καὶ τῶν πολιτειῶν αἱ χείρισται πλείστης δέονται φυλακῆς.
For just as bodies well-disposed to health and ships well-equipped for navigation can admit of more errors without being destroyed by them, while diseased bodies and ships that are loose and have met with bad crews cannot bear even small errors, so also the worst of constitutions need the greatest vigilance.