§1.1257bπορισθέντος οὖν ἤδη νομίσματος ἐκ τῆς ἀναγκαίας ἀλλαγῆς θάτερον εἶδος τῆς χρηματιστικῆς ἐγένετο, τὸ καπηλικόν, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἁπλῶς ἴσως γινόμενον, εἶτα διʼ ἐμπειρίας ἤδη τεχνικώτερον, πόθεν καὶ πῶς μεταβαλλόμενον πλεῖστον ποιήσει κέρδος.
Thus, when money had already been provided from the necessary exchange, the other species of the art of finance arose, namely retail trade, which in the first place was perhaps carried on simply, but then, through experience, already became more scientific, [inquiring] from what source and in what way by exchanging it would produce the greatest profit.
διὸ δοκεῖ ἡ χρηματιστικὴ μάλιστα περὶ τὸ νόμισμα εἶναι, καὶ ἔργον αὐτῆς τὸ δύνασθαι θεωρῆσαι πόθεν ἔσται πλῆθος, ποιητικὴ γὰρ εἶναι πλούτου καὶ χρημάτων.
Therefore, the art of finance seems to be chiefly concerned with money, and its function is to be able to observe from what source a multitude of it will come, for it is thought to be productive of wealth and money.
καὶ γὰρ τὸν πλοῦτον πολλάκις τιθέασι νομίσματος πλῆθος, διὰ τὸ περὶ τοῦτʼ εἶναι τὴν χρηματιστικὴν καὶ τὴν καπηλικήν.
For people also often define wealth as a multitude of money, because the art of finance and retail trade are concerned with this.
ὁτὲ δὲ πάλιν λῆρος εἶναι δοκεῖ τὸ νόμισμα καὶ νόμος παντάπασι, φύσει δʼ οὐθέν, ὅτι μεταθεμένων τε τῶν χρωμένων οὐθενὸς ἄξιον οὐδὲ χρήσιμον πρὸς οὐδὲν τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐστί, καὶ νομίσματος πλουτῶν πολλάκις ἀπορήσει τῆς ἀναγκαίας τροφῆς· καίτοι ἄτοπον τοιοῦτον εἶναι πλοῦτον οὗ εὐπορῶν λιμῷ ἀπολεῖται, καθάπερ καὶ τὸν Μίδαν ἐκεῖνον μυθολογοῦσι διὰ τὴν ἀπληστίαν τῆς εὐχῆς πάντων αὐτῷ γιγνομένων τῶν παρατιθεμένων χρυσῶν.
But at other times, on the contrary, money seems to be a mere trifle and entirely a matter of law (convention), and nothing by nature, because if those who use it change [their convention], it is worth nothing and useful for none of the necessary things, and a man rich in money will often be in want of necessary food; and yet it is strange that there should be such wealth, in the abundance of which one will perish of hunger, just as they mythologize that famous Midas, because of the greed of his prayer, when everything set before him became gold.
διὸ ζητοῦσιν ἕτερόν τι τὸν πλοῦτον καὶ τὴν χρηματιστικήν, ὀρθῶς ζητοῦντες.
Therefore, people seek something else as wealth and the art of finance, and they seek it rightly.
ἔστι γὰρ ἑτέρα ἡ χρηματιστικὴ καὶ ὁ πλοῦτος ὁ κατὰ φύσιν, καὶ αὕτη μὲν οἰκονομική, ἡ δὲ καπηλική, ποιητικὴ πλούτου οὐ πάντως ἀλλὰ διὰ χρημάτων μεταβολῆς.
For the art of finance and wealth according to nature are different, and the former belongs to household management, while the latter (retail trade) is productive of wealth not in every way but through the exchange of money.
καὶ δοκεῖ περὶ τὸ νόμισμα αὕτη εἶναι· τὸ γὰρ νόμισμα στοιχεῖον καὶ πέρας τῆς ἀλλαγῆς ἐστιν.
And this seems to be concerned with money; for money is the element and the limit of exchange.
καὶ ἄπειρος δὴ οὗτος ὁ πλοῦτος, ὁ ἀπὸ ταύτης τῆς χρηματιστικῆς.
And indeed this wealth, which comes from this art of finance, is without limit.
ὥσπερ γὰρ ἡ ἰατρικὴ τοῦ ὑγιαίνειν εἰς ἄπειρόν ἐστι, καὶ ἑκάστη τῶν τεχνῶν τοῦ τέλους εἰς ἄπειρον (ὅτι μάλιστα γὰρ ἐκεῖνο βούλονται ποιεῖν), τῶν δὲ πρὸς τὸ τέλος οὐκ εἰς ἄπειρον (πέρας γὰρ τὸ τέλος πάσαις), οὕτω καὶ ταύτης τῆς χρηματιστικῆς οὐκ ἔστι τοῦ τέλους πέρας, τέλος δὲ ὁ τοιοῦτος πλοῦτος καὶ χρημάτων κτῆσις.
For just as medicine is without limit in producing health, and each of the arts is without limit in its end (for they wish to produce that in the highest degree), but in the means toward the end they are not without limit (for the end is a limit for all of them), so also of this art of finance there is no limit of its end, and such wealth and the acquisition of money is the end.
τῆς δʼ οἰκονομικῆς χρηματιστικῆς ἔστι πέρας· οὐ γὰρ τοῦτο τῆς οἰκονομικῆς ἔργον.
But of the household art of finance there is a limit; for this is not the function of household management.
διὸ τῇ μὲν φαίνεται ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι παντὸς πλούτου πέρας, ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν γινομένων ὁρῶμεν συμβαῖνον τοὐναντίον· πάντες γὰρ εἰς ἄπειρον αὔξουσιν οἱ χρηματιζόμενοι τὸ νόμισμα.
Therefore, in one way it appears necessary that there should be a limit to all wealth, but in actual occurrences we see the opposite happening; for all those who make money increase their money without limit.
αἴτιον δὲ τὸ σύνεγγυς αὐτῶν.
And the cause of this is the close connection between them.
ἐπαλλάττει γὰρ ἡ χρῆσις τοῦ αὐτοῦ οὖσα ἑκατέρας τῆς χρηματιστικῆς.
For the use of the same thing overlaps in each of the two arts of finance.
τῆς γὰρ αὐτῆς ἐστι κτήσεως χρῆσις, ἀλλʼ οὐ κατὰ ταὐτόν, ἀλλὰ τῆς μὲν ἕτερον τέλος, τῆς δʼ ἡ αὔξησις.
For the use is of the same possession, but not in the same way; rather, for the one there is another end, while for the other, increase is the end.
ὥστε δοκεῖ τισι τοῦτʼ εἶναι τῆς οἰκονομικῆς ἔργον, καὶ διατελοῦσιν ἢ σῴζειν οἰόμενοι δεῖν ἢ αὔξειν τὴν τοῦ νομίσματος οὐσίαν εἰς ἄπειρον.
Consequently, it seems to some that this is the function of household management, and they continue believing that they must either save or increase the substance of money without limit.
αἴτιον δὲ ταύτης τῆς διαθέσεως τὸ σπουδάζειν περὶ τὸ ζῆν, ἀλλὰ μὴ τὸ εὖ ζῆν·
And the cause of this disposition is that they are serious about living, but not about living well;