§13.1ὧν δὲ δεῖ στοχάζεσθαι καὶ ἃ δεῖ εὐλαβεῖσθαι συνιστάντας τοὺς μύθους καὶ πόθεν ἔσται τὸ τῆς τραγῳδίας ἔργον, ἐφεξῆς ἂν εἴη λεκτέον τοῖς νῦν εἰρημένοις.
What one should aim at and what one should avoid in constructing plots, and how the specific function of tragedy is to be produced, should be discussed next in order after what has just been said.
§13.2ἐπειδὴ οὖν δεῖ τὴν σύνθεσιν εἶναι τῆς καλλίστης τραγῳδίας μὴ ἁπλῆν ἀλλὰ πεπλεγμένην καὶ ταύτην φοβερῶν καὶ ἐλεεινῶν εἶναι μιμητικήν (τοῦτο γὰρ ἴδιον τῆς τοιαύτης μιμήσεώς ἐστιν), πρῶτον μὲν δῆλον ὅτι οὔτε τοὺς ἐπιεικεῖς ἄνδρας δεῖ μεταβάλλοντας φαίνεσθαι ἐξ εὐτυχίας εἰς δυστυχίαν, οὐ γὰρ φοβερὸν οὐδὲ ἐλεεινὸν τοῦτο ἀλλὰ μιαρόν ἐστιν·
Since, therefore, the structure of the finest tragedy should be not simple but complex, and since it must represent actions that excite fear and pity (for this is the distinctive feature of this kind of representation), first of all it is clear that decent men must not be seen passing from prosperity to adversity, for this is neither fearful nor pitiable, but simply shocking.
§13.3οὔτε τοὺς μοχθηροὺς ἐξ ἀτυχίας εἰς εὐτυχίαν, ἀτραγῳδότατον γὰρ τοῦτ’ ἐστὶ πάντων, οὐδὲν γὰρ ἔχει ὧν δεῖ, οὔτε γὰρ φιλάνθρωπον οὔτε ἐλεεινὸν οὔτε φοβερόν ἐστιν·
Nor, again, should wicked men be seen passing from adversity to prosperity, for this is the most untragic of all; it has none of the necessary requirements, since it is neither morally satisfying nor pitiable nor fearful.
§13.4οὐδ’ αὖ τὸν σφόδρα πονηρὸν ἐξ εὐτυχίας εἰς δυστυχίαν μεταπίπτειν·
Nor, on the other hand, should an extremely bad man fall from prosperity to adversity.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ φιλάνθρωπον ἔχοι ἂν ἡ τοιαύτη σύστασις ἀλλ’ οὔτε ἔλεον οὔτε φόβον, ὁ μὲν γὰρ περὶ τὸν ἀνάξιόν ἐστιν δυστυχοῦντα, ὁ δὲ περὶ τὸν ὅμοιον, ἔλεος μὲν περὶ τὸν ἀνάξιον, φόβος δὲ περὶ τὸν ὅμοιον, ὥστε οὔτε ἐλεεινὸν οὔτε φοβερὸν ἔσται τὸ συμβαῖνον.
Such a plot structure might satisfy our moral sense, but it would inspire neither pity nor fear; for pity is aroused by unmerited misfortune, and fear by the misfortune of one like ourselves—pity, that is, for the man who does not deserve his misfortune, and fear for the man who is like us—so that the outcome will be neither pitiable nor fearful.
§13.5ὁ μεταξὺ ἄρα τούτων λοιπός.
There remains, then, the character between these.
ἔστι δὲ τοιοῦτος ὁ μήτε ἀρετῇ διαφέρων καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ μήτε διὰ κακίαν καὶ μοχθηρίαν μεταβάλλων εἰς τὴν δυστυχίαν ἀλλὰ δι’ ἁμαρτίαν τινά, τῶν ἐν μεγάλῃ δόξῃ ὄντων καὶ εὐτυχίᾳ, οἷον Οἰδίπους καὶ Θυέστης καὶ οἱ ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων γενῶν ἐπιφανεῖς ἄνδρες.
This is a person who is neither outstanding in virtue and justice, nor falls into misfortune through wickedness and vice, but because of some error, being one of those in great prestige and prosperity, like Oedipus and Thyestes and the illustrious men of such families.
§13.6ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸν καλῶς ἔχοντα μῦθον ἁπλοῦν εἶναι μᾶλλον ἢ διπλοῦν, ὥσπερ τινές φασι, καὶ μεταβάλλειν οὐκ εἰς εὐτυχίαν ἐκ δυστυχίας ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον ἐξ εὐτυχίας εἰς δυστυχίαν μὴ διὰ μοχθηρίαν ἀλλὰ δι’ ἁμαρτίαν μεγάλην ἢ οἵου εἴρηται ἢ βελτίονος μᾶλλον ἢ χείρονος.
A well-constructed plot, therefore, must be single rather than double (as some say), and must change not from adversity to prosperity, but on the contrary from prosperity to adversity, not through wickedness but through some great error on the part of a character such as has been described, or one better rather than worse.
§13.7σημεῖον δὲ καὶ τὸ γιγνόμενον·
What has actually happened in practice is evidence of this.
πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ οἱ ποιηταὶ τοὺς τυχόντας μύθους ἀπηρίθμουν, νῦν δὲ περὶ ὀλίγας οἰκίας αἱ κάλλισται τραγῳδίαι συντίθενται, οἷον περὶ Ἀλκμέωνα καὶ Οἰδίπουν καὶ Ὀρέστην καὶ Μελέαγρον καὶ Θυέστην καὶ Τήλεφον καὶ ὅσοις ἄλλοις συμβέβηκεν ἢ παθεῖν δεινὰ ἢ ποιῆσαι.
At first, poets used to recount any plots that came to hand, but now the finest tragedies are constructed around a few families, for example, around Alcmeon, Oedipus, Orestes, Meleager, Thyestes, Telephus, and all others who have chanced to suffer or commit terrible deeds.
§13.8ἡ μὲν οὖν κατὰ τὴν τέχνην καλλίστη τραγῳδία ἐκ ταύτης τῆς συστάσεώς ἐστι.
The tragedy which is finest according to the rules of the art is, therefore, of this structure.
§13.9διὸ καὶ οἱ Εὐριπίδῃ ἐγκαλοῦντες τὸ αὐτὸ ἁμαρτάνουσιν ὅτι τοῦτο δρᾷ ἐν ταῖς τραγῳδίαις καὶ αἱ πολλαὶ αὐτοῦ εἰς δυστυχίαν τελευτῶσιν.
Hence, those who censure Euripides are making the same mistake, because he does this in his tragedies, and many of his plays end in misfortune.
τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ὥσπερ εἴρηται ὀρθόν·
For this, as has been said, is correct.
§13.10σημεῖον δὲ μέγιστον· ἐπὶ γὰρ τῶν σκηνῶν καὶ τῶν ἀγώνων τραγικώταται αἱ τοιαῦται φαίνονται, ἂν κατορθωθῶσιν, καὶ ὁ Εὐριπίδης, εἰ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα μὴ εὖ οἰκονομεῖ, ἀλλὰ τραγικώτατός γε τῶν ποιητῶν φαίνεται.
And here is the greatest proof: on the stage and in the dramatic contests, such plays, if they are well performed, appear the most tragic; and Euripides, even if he does not manage other details well, is still felt to be the most tragic of poets.
§13.11δευτέρα δ’ ἡ πρώτη λεγομένη ὑπὸ τινῶν ἐστιν σύστασις, ἡ διπλῆν τε τὴν σύστασιν ἔχουσα καθάπερ ἡ Ὀδύσσεια καὶ τελευτῶσα ἐξ ἐναντίας τοῖς βελτίοσι καὶ χείροσιν.
Second in order is the structure which some rank first, having a double plot like the Odyssey, and ending in opposite ways for the better and the worse characters.
§13.12δοκεῖ δὲ εἶναι πρώτη διὰ τὴν τῶν θεάτρων ἀσθένειαν· ἀκολουθοῦσι γὰρ οἱ ποιηταὶκατ’ εὐχὴν ποιοῦντες τοῖς θεαταῖς.
It is thought to be first only because of the weakness of the audiences; for the poets follow the spectators, writing to suit their wishes.
§13.13ἔστιν δὲ οὐχ αὕτη ἀπὸ τραγῳδίας ἡδονὴ ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον τῆς κωμῳδίας οἰκεία· ἐκεῖ γὰρ οἳ ἂν ἔχθιστοι ὦσιν ἐν τῷ μύθῳ, οἷον Ὀρέστης καὶ Αἴγισθος, φίλοι γενόμενοι ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ἐξέρχονται, καὶ ἀποθνῄσκει οὐδεὶς ὑπ’ οὐδενός.
But this pleasure is not that of tragedy, but rather belongs to comedy; for there, those who in the plot are the bitterest enemies, like Orestes and Aegisthus, go off at the end as friends, and no one is killed by anyone.