§8.10#1Ὅτι δὲ τοῦτʼ ἀμερὲς ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι καὶ μηδὲν ἔχειν μέγεθος, νῦν λέγωμεν, πρῶτον περὶ τῶν προτέρων αὐτοῦ διορίσαντες.
That this [the first mover] must be impartible and have no magnitude, let us now state, having first defined the prior things to it.
τούτων δʼ ἓν μέν ἐστιν ὅτι οὐχ οἷόν τε οὐδὲν πεπερασμένον κινεῖν ἄπειρον χρόνου.
One of these is that it is impossible for any finite thing to cause motion for an infinite time.
τρία γὰρ ἔστιν, τὸ κινοῦν, τὸ κινούμενον, τὸ ἐν τρίτον, ὁ χρόνος.
For there are three things: the mover, the moved, and thirdly that in which [motion takes place], namely, time.
ταῦτα δὲ ἢ πάντα ἄπειρα ἢ πάντα πεπερασμένα ἢ ἔνια, οἷον τὰ δύο ἢ τὸ ἕν.
And these must be either all infinite, or all finite, or some of them [finite and some infinite], such as two or one.
ἔστω δὴ τὸ Α τὸ κινοῦν, τὸ δὲ κινούμενον Β, χρόνος ἄπειρος ἐφʼ οὗ Γ. τὸ δὴ Δ τῆς Β κινείτω τι μέρος, τὸ ἐφʼ οὗ Ε. οὐ δὴ ἐν ἴσῳ τῷ Γ· ἐν πλείονι γὰρ τὸ μεῖζον.
Now, let A be the mover, B the moved, and Γ the infinite time. Let Δ, then, move some part of B, which is E. It does not, indeed, move it in a time equal to Γ; for the greater takes more time.
ὥστʼ οὐκ ἄπειρος ὁ χρόνος ὁ τὸ Ζ. οὕτω δὴ τῇ Δ προστιθεὶς καταναλώσω τὸ Α καὶ τῇ Ε τὸ Β· τὸν δὲ χρόνον οὐ καταναλώσω ἀεὶ ἀφαιρῶν ἴσον· ἄπειρος γάρ·
Therefore, the time Ζ is not infinite. Thus, by adding to Δ, I shall exhaust A, and by adding to E, I shall exhaust B; but the time I shall not exhaust by always subtracting an equal amount, for it is infinite.
ὥστε ἡ πᾶσα Α τὴν ὅλην Β κινήσει ἐν πεπερασμένῳ χρόνῳ τοῦ Γ. οὐκ ἄρα οἷόν τε ὑπὸ πεπερασμένου κινεῖσθαι οὐδὲν ἄπειρον κίνησιν.
So that the whole of A will move the whole of B in a finite time, which is a part of Γ. It is impossible, therefore, for any infinite motion to be caused by a finite thing.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν οὐκ ἐνδέχεται τὸ
πεπερασμένον ἄπειρον κινεῖν χρόνον, φανερόν· ὅτι δʼ ὅλως οὐκ ἐνδέχεται ἐν πεπερασμένῳ μεγέθει ἄπειρον εἶναί δύναμιν, ἐκ τῶνδε δῆλον.
That, therefore, it is not possible for a finite thing to cause motion for an infinite time is clear; and that it is completely impossible for an infinite power to reside in a finite magnitude is evident from the following.
ἔστω γὰρ πλείων δύναμις ἀεὶ ἡ τὸ ἴσον ἐν ἐλάττονι χρόνῳ ποιοῦσα, οἷον θερμαίνουσα ἢ γλυκαίνουσα ἢ ῥιπτοῦσα καὶ ὅλως κινοῦσα.
For let that always be a greater power which does an equal effect in less time, such as heating or sweetening or throwing, and in general causing motion.
ἀνάγκη ἄρα καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ πεπερασμένου μὲν ἄπειρον δʼ ἔχοντος δύναμιν πάσχειν τι τὸ πάσχον, καὶ πλεῖον ἢ ὑπʼ ἄλλου·
It is necessary, therefore, that the thing affected must also be affected in some way by that which is finite but has an infinite power, and indeed more than by any other; for the infinite power is greater.
πλείων γὰρ ἡ ἄπειρος. ἀλλὰ μὴν χρόνον γε οὐκ ἐνδέχεται εἶναι οὐδένα.
But indeed there cannot be any time at all.
εἰ γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἐφʼ οὗ Α χρόνος ἐν ᾧ ἡ ἄπειρος ἰσχὺς ἐθέρμανεν ἢ ἔωσεν, ἐν τῶ δὲ ΑΒ πεπερασμένη τις, πρὸς ταύτην μείζω λαμβάνων ἀεὶ πεπερασμένην ἥξω ποτὲ εἰς τὸ ἐν τῷ Α χρόνῳ κεκινηκέναι· πρὸς πεπερασμένον γὰρ ἀεὶ προστιθεὶς ὑπερβαλῶ παντὸς ὡρισμένου, καὶ ἀφαιρῶν ἐλλείψω ὡσαύτως.
For if A is the time in which the infinite power heated or pushed, and some finite power took the time AB, by always taking a greater finite power than this, I shall at some point arrive at having caused motion in the time A; for by always adding to a finite thing I shall exceed any determined limit, and similarly by subtracting I shall fall short of it.
ἐν ἴσῳ ἄρα χρόνῳ κινήσει τῇ ἀπείρῳ ἡ πεπερασμένη.
Therefore, the finite power will cause motion in an equal time as the infinite power.
τοῦτο δὲ ἀδύνατον· οὐδὲν ἄρα πεπερασμένον ἐνδέχεται ἄπειρον δύναμιν ἔχειν.
But this is impossible; therefore, it is not possible for any finite thing to have an infinite power.
οὐ τοίνυν οὐδʼ ἐν ἀπείρῳ πεπερασμένην· καίτοι ἐνδέχεται ἐν ἐλάττονι μεγέθει πλείω δύναμιν εἶναι· ἀλλʼ ἔτι μᾶλλον ἐν μείζονι πλείω.
Nor, indeed, can there be a finite power in an infinite magnitude; and yet, it is possible for a greater power to reside in a smaller magnitude, but still more possible for a greater power to reside in a greater magnitude.
ἔστω δὴ τὸ ἐφ οὗ ΑΒ ἄπειρον.
Let AB, then, be infinite.
τὸ δὴ ΒΓ· ἔχει δύναμίν τινα, ἣ ἔν τινι χρόνῳ ἐκίνησεν τὴν Δ, ἐν τῷ χρόνῳ ἐφʼ οὗ ΕΖ. ἂν δὴ τῆς ΒΓ διπλασίαν λαμβάνω, ἐν ἡμίσει χρόνῳ τοῦ ΕΖ (ἔστω γὰρ αὕτη ἡ ἀναλογία), ὥστε ἐν τῷ ΖΘ κινήσει.
Then, ΒΓ has some power, which in some time moved Δ, namely, in the time ΕΖ. If, then, I take double of ΒΓ, it will move it in half the time of ΕΖ (for let this be the proportion), so that it will move it in the time ΖΘ.
οὐκοῦν οὕτω λαμβάνων ἀεὶ τὴν μὲν ΑΒ οὐδέποτε διέξειμι, τοῦ χρόνου δὲ τοῦ δοθέντος αἰεὶ ἐλάττω λήψομαι.
Therefore, by always taking it in this way, I shall never traverse AB, but I shall always take a time less than the given time.
ἄπειρος ἄρα ἡ δύναμις ἔσται· πάσης γὰρ πεπερασμένης ὑπερβάλλει δυνάμεως, εἴ γε πάσης πεπερασμένης δυνάμεως ἀνάγκη πεπερασμένον εἶναι καὶ τὸν χρόνον (εἰ γὰρ ἔν τινι ἡ τοσηδί, ἡ μείζων ἐν ἐλάττονι μὲν ὡρισμένῳ δὲ χρόνῳ κινήσει, κατὰ τὴν ἀντιστροφὴν τῆς ἀναλογίας)· ἄπειρος δὲ πᾶσα δύναμις, ὥσπερ καὶ πλῆθος καὶ μέγεθος τὸ ὑκερβάλλον παντὸς ὡρισμένου.
Therefore, the power will be infinite; for it exceeds any finite power, if indeed for every finite power the time must also be finite. (For if such and such a power causes motion in some time, the greater power will cause motion in a less but determined time, according to the inverse proportion.) And every power is infinite, just as multitude and magnitude are, which exceeds every determined limit.
ἔστιν δὲ καὶ ὧδε δεῖξαι τοῦτο ληψόμεθα γάρ τινα δύναμιν τὴν αὐτὴν τῷ γένει τῇ ἐν τῷ ἀπείρῳ μεγέθει, ἐν πεπερασμένῳ μεγέθει οὖδαν, ἣ καταμετρήσει τὴν ἐν τῷ ἀπείρῳ πεπερασμένην δύναμιν.
It is also possible to show this in this way: for we shall take some power of the same kind as that in the infinite magnitude, but residing in a finite magnitude, which will measure out the finite power in the infinite magnitude.