§5.5Ἔτι δὲ διοριστέον ποία κίνησις ἐναντία κινήσει, καὶ περὶ μονῆς δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον.
Furthermore, we must determine what kind of motion is contrary to what kind of motion, and in the same way concerning rest.
διαιρετέον δὲ πρῶτον πότερον ἐναντία κίνησις ἡ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ τῇ εἰς τὸ αὐτό (οῖον ἡ ἐξ ὑγιείας τῇ εἰς ὑγίειμαν), οἷον καὶ γένεσις καὶ φθορὰ δοκεῖ, ἢ ἡ ἐξ ἐναντίων (οἷον ἡ ἐξ ὑγιείας τῇ ἐκ νόσου), ἢ ἡ εἰς ἐναντία (οἷον ἡ εἰς ὑγίειαν τῇ εἰς νόσον), ἢ ἡ ἐξ ἐναντίου τῇ εἰς ἐναντίον (οἷον ἡ ἐξ ὑγιείας τῇ εἰς νόσον), ἢ ἡ ἐξ ἐναντίου εἰς ἐναντίον τῇ ἐξ ἐναντίου εἰς ἐναντίον (οἷον ἡ ἐξ ὑγιείας εἰς νόσον τῇ ἐκ νόσου εἰς ὑγίειαν).
First, we must distinguish whether the motion contrary to a motion is that from the same to the same (for example, that from health to health), just as generation and destruction seem to be, or that from contraries (for example, that from health to that from disease), or that into contraries (for example, that into health to that into disease), or that from a contrary to that into a contrary (for example, that from health to that into disease), or that from a contrary to a contrary to that from a contrary to a contrary (for example, that from health to disease to that from disease to health).
ἀνάγκη γὰρ ἢ ἕνα τινὰ τούτων εἶναι τῶν τρόπων ἢ πλείους· οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν ἄλλως ἀντιτιθέναι.
For it is necessary that it be either one or more of these ways; for there is no other way of opposition.
ἔστι δʼ ἡ μὲν ἐξ ἐναντίου τῇ εἰς ἐναντίον οὐκ ἐναντία, οἷον ἡ ἐξ ὑγιείας τῇ εἰς νόσον· ἡ αὐτὴ γὰρ καὶ μία.
But the motion from a contrary is not contrary to that into a contrary, for example, that from health to that into disease; for it is the same and one.
τὸ μέντοι γʼ εἶναι οὐ ταὐτὸ αὐταῖς, ὥσπερ οὐ ταὐτὸ τὸ ἐξ ὑγιείας μεταβάλλειν καὶ τὸ εἰς νόσον.
However, to be is not the same for them, just as changing from health and changing into disease are not the same.
οὐδʼ ἡ ἐξ ἐναντίου τῇ ἐξ ἐναντίου·
Nor is the motion from a contrary contrary to that from a contrary.
ἅμα μὲν γὰρ συμβαίνει ἐξ ἐναντίου καὶ εἰς ἐναντίον ἢ μεταξύ—ἀλλὰ περὶ τούτου μὲν ὕστερον ἐροῦμεν, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον τὸ εἰς ἐναντίον μεταβάλλειν δόξειεν ἂν εἶναι αἴτιον τῆς ἐναντιώσεως ἢ τὸ ἐξ ἐναντίου· ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἀπαλλαγὴ ἐναντιότητος, ἡ δὲ λῆψις.
For it happens that at the same time a motion is from a contrary and into a contrary or into an intermediate (though we shall speak of this later), but rather changing into a contrary would seem to be the cause of contrariety than changing from a contrary; for the latter is a departure from contrariety, while the former is an acquisition.
καὶ λέγεται δʼ ἑκάστη εἰς ὃ μεταβάλλει μᾶλλον ἢ ἐξ οὗ, οἷον ὑγίανσις ἡ εἰς ὑγίειαν, νόσανσις δʼ ἡ εἰς νόσον.
And indeed each motion is named rather from that into which it changes than from that from which, for example, healing is that into health, and sickening is that into disease.
λείπεται δὴ ἡ εἰς ἐναντία καὶ ἡ εἰς ἐναντία
ἐξ ἐναντίων.
There remain, then, those into contraries, and those into contraries from contraries.
τάχα μὲν οὖν συμβαίνει τὰς εἰς ἐναντία καὶ ἐξ ἐναντίων εἶναι, ἀλλὰ τὸ εἶναι ἴσως οὐ ταὐτό, λέγω δὲ τὸ εἰς ὑγίειαν τῷ ἐκ νόσου καὶ τὸ ἐξ ὑγιείας τῷ εἰς νόσον.
Perhaps, then, it happens that those into contraries are also from contraries, but their being is probably not the same; I mean changing into health to changing from disease, and changing from health to changing into disease.
ἐπεὶ δὲ διαφέρει μεταβολὴ κινήσεως (ἡ ἔκ τινος γὰρ ὑποκειμένου εἴς τι ὑποκείμενον μεταβολὴ κίνησίς ἐστιν), ἡ ἐξ ἐναντίου εἰς ἐναντίον τῇ ἐξ ἐναντίου εἰς ἐναντίον κίνησις ἐναντία, οἷον ἡ ἐξ ὑγιείας εἰς νόσον τῇ ἐκ νόσου εἰς ὑγίειαν.
But since change differs from motion (for change from a certain subject to a certain subject is motion), the motion from a contrary to a contrary is contrary to the motion from a contrary to a contrary, for example, that from health to disease to that from disease to health.
δῆλον δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῆς ἐπαγωγῆς ὁποῖα δοκεῖ τὰ ἐναντία εἶναι· τὸ νοσάζεσθαι γὰρ τῷ ὑγιάζεσθαι καὶ τὸ μανθάνειν τῷ ἀπατᾶσθαι μὴ δʼ αὑτοῦ (εἰς ἐναντία γάρ· ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐπιστήμην, ἔστι καὶ ἀπάτην καὶ δʼ αὐτοῦ κτᾶσθαι καὶ διʼ ἄλλου), καὶ ἡ ἄνω φορὰ τῇ κάτω (ἐναντία γὰρ ταῦτα ἐν μήκει, καὶ ἡ εἰς δεξιὰ τῇ εἰς ἀριστερά (ἐναντία γὰρ ταῦτα ἐν πλάτει), καὶ ἡ εἰς τὸ ἔμπροσθεν τῇ εἰς τὸ ὄπισθεν (ἐναντία γὰρ καὶ ταῦτα).
And it is also clear from induction what kind of things seem to be contraries; for becoming sick is contrary to becoming healthy, and learning is contrary to being deceived not by oneself (for these are into contraries; for just as one can acquire knowledge, so one can acquire deception both by oneself and through another), and upward locomotion is contrary to downward (for these are contraries in length), and locomotion to the right is contrary to that to the left (for these are contraries in breadth), and locomotion forward is contrary to that backward (for these too are contraries).
ἡ δʼ εἰς ἐναντίον μόνον οὐ κίνησις ἀλλὰ μεταβολή, οἷον τὸ γίγνεσθαι λευκὸν μὴ ἔκ τινος.
But that which is into a contrary alone is not a motion but a change, for example, becoming white not from something.
καὶ ὅσοις δὲ μὴ ἔστιν ἐναντία, ἡ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τῇ εἰς αὐτὸ μεταβολῇ ἐναντία· διὸ γένεσις φθορᾷ ἐναντία καὶ ἀποβολὴ λήψει· αὗται δὲ μεταβολαὶ μέν, κινήσεις δʼ οὔ.
And for those things which have no contrary, the change from itself is contrary to the change into itself; therefore generation is contrary to destruction, and loss to acquisition; but these are changes and not motions.
τὰς δʼ εἰς τὸ μεταξὺ κινήσεις, ὅσοις τῶν ἐναντίων ἔστι μεταξύ, ὡς εἰς ἐναντία πως θετέονὡς ἐναντίῳ γὰρ χρῆται τῷ μεταξὺ ἡ κίνησις, ἐφʼ ὁπότερα ἂν μεταβάλλῃ, οἷον ἐκ φαιοῦ μὲν εἰς τὸ λευκὸν ὡς ἐκ μέλανος, καὶ ἐκ λευκοῦ εἰς φαιὸν ὡς εἰς μέλαν, ἐκ δὲ μέλανος εἰς φαιὸν ὡς εἰς λευκὸν τὸ φαιόν·
But motions into the intermediate, for those contraries which have an intermediate, must be placed as being in a way into contraries; for the motion uses the intermediate as a contrary, in whichever direction it changes, for example, changing from grey into white as from black, and from white into grey as into black, and from black into grey, the grey being used as white.
τὸ γὰρ μέσον πρὸς ἑκάτερον λέγεταί πως ἑκάτερον τῶν ἄκρων, καθάπερ εἴρηται καὶ πρότερον.
For the intermediate is in a way said to be each of the extremes in relation to the other, just as has been said before.
κίνησις μὲν δὴ κινήσει ἐναντία οὕτως ἡ ἐξ ἐναντίου εἰς ἐναντίον τῇ ἐξ ἐναντίου εἰς ἐναντίον.
Therefore, motion is contrary to motion in this way: that from a contrary to a contrary to that from a contrary to a contrary.