§4.6Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον ὑποληπτέον εἶναι τοῦ φυσικοῦ θεω. ρῆσαι καὶ περὶ κενοῦ, εἰ ἔστιν ἢ μή, καὶ πῶς ἔστι, καὶ τί ἐστιν, ὥσπερ καὶ περὶ τόπου· καὶ γὰρ παραπλησίαν ἔχει τήν τε ἀπιστίαν καὶ τὴν πίστιν διὰ τῶν ὑπολαμβανομένων·
In the same way, we must suppose that it belongs to the physicist to investigate concerning the void also, whether it exists or not, and how it exists, and what it is, just as concerning place; for it also admits of similar disbelief and belief because of the things assumed.
οἷον γὰρ τόπον τινὰ καὶ ἀγγεῖον τὸ κενὸν τιθέασιν οἱ λέγοντες, δοκεῖ δὲ πλῆρες μὲν εἶναι, ὅταν ἔχῃ τὸν ὄγκον οὗ δεκτικόν ἐστιν, ὅταν δὲ στερηθῇ, κενόν, ὡς τὸ αὐτὸ μὲν ὃν κενὸν καὶ πλῆρες καὶ τόπον, τὸ δʼ εἶναι αὐτοῖς οὐ ταὐτὸ ὄν ἄρξασθαι δὲ δεῖ τῆς σκέψεως λαβοῦσιν ἅ τε λέγουσιν οἱ φάσκοντες εἶναι καὶ πάλιν λέγουσιν οἱ μὴ φάσκοντες, καὶ τρίτον τὰς κοινὰς περὶ αὐτῶν δόξας.
For those who assert its existence posit the void as a sort of place and vessel; and it seems to be full when it holds the bulk of which it is receptive, and void when it is deprived of it, as if void, full, and place were the same thing in underlying subject, though their being is not the same. And we must begin the inquiry by taking what is said by those who assert that it exists, and again what is said by those who assert that it does not, and thirdly the common opinions concerning them.
οἱ μὲν οὖν δεικνύναι πειρώμενοι ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐχ ὃ βούλονται λέγειν οἱ ἄνθρωποι κενόν, τοῦτʼ ἐξελέγχουσιν, ἀλλʼ ἁμαρτάνοντες λέγουσιν. ὥσπερ Ἀναξαγόρας καὶ οἱ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον ἐλέγχοντες.
Now those who try to show that it does not exist do not refute what people mean by "void," but they make a mistake in what they say—as Anaxagoras and those who refute in this manner.
ἐπιδεικνύουσι γὰρ ὅτι ἐστίν τι ὁ ἀήρ, στρεβλοῦντες τοὺς ἀσκοὺς καὶ δεικνύντες ὡς ἰσχυρὸς ὁ ἀήρ, καὶ ἐναπολαμβάνοντες ἐν ταῖς κλεψύδραις.
For they demonstrate that air is something by twisting wineskins and showing how strong the air is, and by trapping it in clepsydras.
οἱ δὲ ἄν. θρωποι βούλονται κενὸν εἶναι διάστημα ἐν μηδέν ἐστι σῶμα αἰσθητόν· οἰόμενοι δὲ τὸ ὂν ἅπαν εἶναι σῶμα φασίν, ἐν ᾧ ὅλως μηδέν ἐστι, τοῦτʼ εἶναι κενόν, διὸ τὸ πλῆρες ἀέρος κενόν εἶναι.
But people mean by "void" an interval in which there is no sensible body; and thinking that all being is body, they say that that in which there is absolutely nothing is void, wherefore what is full of air is void.
οὔκουν τοῦτο δεῖ δεικνύναι, ὅτι ἐστί τι ὁ ἀήρ, ἀλλʼ ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι διάστημα ἕτερον τῶν σωμάτων, οὔτε χωριστὸν οὔτε ἐνεργείᾳ ὄν, ὃ διαλαμβάνει τὸ πᾶν σῶμα ὥστε εἶναι μὴ συνεχές, καθάπερ λέγουσιν Δημόκριτος καὶ Λεύκιππος καὶ ἕτεροι πολλοὶ τῶν φυσιολόγων, ἢ καὶ εἴ τι ἔξω τοῦ παντὸς σώματός ἐστιν ὄντος συνεχοῦς.
Therefore, one does not need to show this, that air is something, but that there is no interval other than bodies, either separable or actually existing, which divides the whole body so that it is not continuous (as Democritus and Leucippus and many other natural philosophers say), or even if there is something outside the whole body, which is continuous.
οὔτοι μὲν οὖν οὐ κατὰ θύρας
πρὸς τὸ πρόβλημα ἀπαντῶσιν, ἀλλʼ οἱ φάσκοντες εἶναι μᾶλλον.
These people, then, do not confront the problem through the front door, but rather those who assert that it exists.
λέγουσιν δʼ ἓν μὲν ὅτι κίνησις ἡ κατὰ τόπον οὐκ ἂν εἴη (αὕτη δʼ ἐστὶ φορὰ καὶ αὔξησις)· οὐ γὰρ ἂν δοκεῖν εἶναι κίνησιν, εἰ μὴ εἴη κενόν· τὸ γὰρ πλῆρες ἀδύνατον εἶναι δέξασθαί τι.
They say, for one thing, that motion in respect of place (this is locomotion and growth) would not exist; for it seems that there would be no motion unless there were void; for that which is full cannot possibly receive anything.
εἰ δὲ δέξεται καὶ ἔσται δύο ἐν ταὐτῶ, ἐνδέχοιτʼ ἂν καὶ ὁποσαοῦν εἶναι ἅμα σώματα· τὴν γὰρ διαφοράν, δʼ ἣν οὐκ ἂν εἴη τὸ λεχθέν, οὐκ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν.
But if it should receive it and there should be two in the same place, it would also be possible for any number of bodies to be together; for one cannot state the difference because of which the said thing would not be.
εἰ δὲ τοῦτο ἐνδέχεται, καὶ τὸ μικρότατον δέξεται τὸ μέγιστον· πολλὰ γὰρ μικρὰ τὸ μέγα ἐστίν· ὥστε εἰ πολλὰ ἴσα ἐνδέχεται ἐν ταὐτῷ εἶναι, καὶ πολλὰ ἄνισα.
And if this is possible, even the smallest will receive the greatest; for the great is many small things; so that if many equal things can be in the same place, so also can many unequal things.
Μέλισσος μὲν οὖν καὶ δείκνυσιν ὅτι τὸ πᾶν ἀκίνητον ἐκ τούτων· εἰ γὰρ κινήσεται, ἀνάγκη εἶναι (φησί) κενόν, τὸ δὲ κενὸν οὐ τῶν ὄντων.
Melissus, indeed, even demonstrates from these things that the all is unmoved; for if it moves, there must be (he says) a void, but the void is not among the things that are.
ἕνα μὲν οὖν τρόπον ἐκ τούτων δεικνύουσιν ὅτι ἔστιν τι κενόν, ἄλλον δʼ ὅτι φαίνεται ἔνια συνιόντα καὶ πιλούμενα, οἶον καὶ τὸν οἶνόν φασι δέχεσθαι μετὰ τῶν ἀσκῶν τοὺς πίθους, ὡς εἰς τὰ ἐνόντα κενὰ συνιόντος τοῦ πυκνουμένου σώματος.
In one way, then, they show from these things that there is a void, and in another way because some things are seen to contract and be compressed—as they say, for instance, that casks receive the wine together with the wineskins, as though the condensed body contracted into the void spaces that are in them.
ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἡ αὔξησις δοκεῖ πᾶσι γίγνεσθαι διὰ κενοῦ· τὴν μὲν γὰρ τροφὴν σῶμα εἶναι, δύο δὲ σώματα ἀδύνατον ἅμα εἶναι.
Further, growth also seems to everyone to take place through void; for food is a body, and it is impossible for two bodies to be together.
μαρτύριον δὲ καὶ τὸ περὶ τῆς τέφρας ποιοῦνται, ἣ δέχεται ἴσον ὕδωρ ὅσον τὸ ἀγγεῖον τὸ κενόν.
And they also produce as evidence the case of ashes, which receive as much water as the empty vessel does.
εἶναι δʼ ἔφασαν καὶ οἱ Πυθαγόρειοι κενόν, καὶ ἐπεισιέναι αὐτὸ τῷ οὐρανῷ ἐκ τοῦ ἀπείρου πνεύματος ὡς ἀναπνέοντι καὶ τὸ κενόν, ὃ διορίζει τὰς φύσεις, ὡς ὄντος τοῦ κενοῦ χωρισμοῦ τινὸς τῶν ἐφεξῆς καὶ διορίσεως· καὶ τοῦτʼ εἶναι πρῶτον ἐν τοῖς ἀριθμοῖς· τὸ γὰρ κενὸν διορίζειν τὴν φύσιν αὐτῶν.
And the Pythagoreans also said that there is a void, and that it enters into the heaven from the infinite breath, as if the heaven breathes in also the void, which distinguishes natures, since the void is a sort of separation and distinction of things that are consecutive; and that this is first in numbers, for the void distinguishes their nature.
ἐξ ὧν μὲν οὖν οἱ μέν φασιν εἶναι οἱ δʼ οὔ φασι, σχεδὸν τοιαῦτα καὶ τοσαῦτά ἐστιν.
These, then, are roughly the kinds of arguments, and this is their number, from which some say that there is a void and others say there is not.