§4.12#2ἐπεὶ δέ ἐστιν ὡς ἐν ἀριθμῷ τὸ ἐν χρόνω,
ληφθήσεταί τις πλείων χρόνος παντὸς τοῦ ἐν χρόνῳ ὄντος· διὸ ἀνάγκη πάντα τὰ ἐν χρόνῳ ὄντα περιέχεσθαι ὑπὸ χρόνου, ὥσπερ καὶ τἆλλα ὅσα ἔν τινί ἐστιν, οἷον τὰ ἐν τόπῳ ὑπὸ τοῦ τόπου.
Since to be in time is as being in number, some time greater than anything which is in time will be taken; therefore, all things which are in time must be contained by time, just as other things which are in something, for instance, things in place by place.
καὶ πάσχει δή τι ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου, καθάπερ καὶ λέγειν εἰώθαμεν ὅτι κατατήκει ὁ χρόνος, καὶ γηράσκει πάνθʼ ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου, καὶ ἐπιλανθάνεται διὰ τὸν χρόνον, ἀλλʼ οὐ μεμάθηκεν, οὐδὲ νέον γέγονεν οὐδὲ καλόν· φθορᾶς γὰρ αἴτιος καθʼ ἑαυτὸν μᾶλλον ὁ χρόνος· ἀριθμὸς γὰρ κινήσεως, ἡ δὲ κίνησις ἐξίστησιν τὸ ὑπάρχον·
And indeed, they undergo something by time, just as we are accustomed to say that "time decays," and "all things grow old by time," and "one forgets through time," but one has not learned through time, nor become young or beautiful; for time is in itself rather the cause of destruction, since it is the number of motion, and motion removes that which is.
ὥστε φανερὸν ὅτι τὰ αἰεὶ ὄντα, ᾗ αἰεὶ ὄντα, οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν χρόνῳ· οὐ γὰρ περιέχεται ὑπὸ χρόνου, οὐδὲ μετρεῖται τὸ εἶναι αὐτῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου·
So it is clear that things which always are, in so far as they always are, are not in time; for they are not contained by time, nor is their being measured by time.
σημεῖον δὲ τούτου ὅτι οὐδὲ πάσχει οὐδὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου ὡς οὐκ ὄντα ἐν χρόνῳ.
A sign of this is that they do not undergo anything by time, as not being in time.
ἐπεὶ δʼ ἐστὶν ὁ χρόνος μέτρον κινήσεως, ἔσται καὶ ἠρεμίας μέτρον· πᾶσα γὰρ ἠρεμία ἐν χρόνῳ.
And since time is the measure of motion, it will also be the measure of rest; for all rest is in time.
οὐ γὰρ ὥσπερ τὸ ἐν κινήσει ὂν ἀνάγκη κινεῖσθαι, οὕτω καὶ τὸ ἐν χρόνῳ· οὐ γὰρ κίνησις ὁ χρόνος, ἀλλʼ ἀριθμὸς κινήσεως, ἐν ἀριθμῷ δὲ κινήσεως ἐνδέχεται εἶναι καὶ τὸ ἠρεμοῦν.
For it is not the case that just as that which is in motion must be moved, so also that which is in time; for time is not motion, but the number of motion, and in the number of motion there can also be that which is at rest.
οὐ γὰρ πᾶν τὸ ἀκίνητον ἠρεμεῖ, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἐστερημένον κινήσεως πεφυκὸς δὲ κινεῖσθαι, καθάπερ εἴρηται ἐν τοῖς πρότερον.
For not everything that is unmoved is at rest, but that which is deprived of motion though having a natural capacity to be moved, as has been said in our earlier discussions.
τὸ δʼ ἕἶναι ἐν ἀριθμῷ ἐστιν τὸ εἶναί τινα ἀριθμὸν τοῦ πράγματος, καὶ μετρεῖσθαι τὸ εἶναι αὐτοῦ τῷ ἀριθμῷ ἐν ᾧ ἐστιν, ὥστʼ εἰ ἐν χρόνῳ, ὑπὸ χρόνου.
And to be in number is for there to be some number of the thing, and for its being to be measured by the number in which it is, so that if it is in time, it is measured by time.
μετρήσει δʼ ὁ χρόνος τὸ κινούμενον καὶ τὸ ἠρεμοῦν, ᾗ τὸ μὲν κινούμενον τὸ δὲ ἠρεμοῦν· τὴν γὰρ κίνησιν αὐτῶν μετρήσει καὶ τὴν ἠρεμίαν, πόση τις.
And time will measure that which is in motion and that which is at rest, in so far as the one is in motion and the other at rest; for it will measure their motion and rest, how much it is.
ὥστε τὸ κινούμενον οὐχ ἁπλῶς ἔσται μετρητὸν ὑπὸ χρόνου, ᾗ ποσόν τί ἐστιν, ἀλλʼ ᾗ ἡ κίνησις αὐτοῦ ποσή.
So that which is in motion will not be measurable by time simply in so far as it is some quantity, but in so far as its motion is of some quantity.
ὥστε ὅσα μήτε κινεῖται μήτʼ ἠρεμεῖ, οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν χρόνῳ· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἐν χρόνῳ εἶναι τὸ μετρεῖσθαί ἐστι χρόνῳ, ὁ δὲ χρόνος κινήσεως καὶ ἠρεμίας μέτρον. φανερὸν οὖν ὅτι οὐδὲ τὸ μὴ ὂν ἔσται πᾶν ἐν
χρόνῳ, οἷον ὅσα μὴ ἐνδέχεται ἄλλως, ὥσπερ τὸ τὴν διάμετρον εἶναι τῇ πλευρᾷ σύμμετρον.
Therefore, all things that are neither in motion nor at rest are not in time; for to be in time is to be measured by time, and time is the measure of motion and rest. It is clear then that not even every non-being will be in time, for instance, those things which cannot be otherwise, such as the diagonal being commensurable with the side.
ὅλως γάρ, εἰ μέτρον μέν ἐστι κινήσεως ὁ χρόνος καθʼ αὑτό, τῶν δʼ ἄλλων κατὰ συμβεβηκός, δῆλον ὅτι ὧν τὸ εἶναι μετρεῖ, τούτοις ᾅπασιν ἔσται τὸ εἶναι ἐν τῷ ἠρεμεῖν ἢ κινεῖσθαι.
For in general, if time is the measure of motion in itself, and of other things accidentally, it is clear that for all those whose being it measures, their being must consist in being at rest or in motion.
ὅσα μὲν οὖν φθαρτὰ καὶ γενητὰ καὶ ὅλως ὁτὲ μὲν ὄντα ὁτὲ δὲ μή, ἀνάγκη ἐν χρόνῳ εἶναι (ἔστιν γὰρ χρόνος τις πλείων, ὃς ὑπερέξει τοῦ τε εἶναι αὐτῶν καὶ τοῦ μετ ροῦντος τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτῶν)·
Accordingly, all things that are destructible and generable, and generally those that at one time are and at another are not, must be in time (for there is some greater time which will exceed both their being and that which measures their essence).
τῶν δὲ μὴ ὄντων ὅσα μὲν περιυέχει ὁ χρόνος, τὰ μὲν ἦν, οἷον Ὅμηρός ποτε ἦν, τὰ δὲ ἔσται, οἷον τῶν μελλόντων τι, ἐφʼ ὁπότερα περιέχει· καὶ εἰ ἐπʼ ἄμφω, ἀμφότερα·
But among non-beings, those which time contains, some were (for instance, Homer once was), and others will be (for instance, some of the things that are to come), according to whichever direction it contains them; and if in both directions, both.
ὅσα δὲ μὴ περιέχει μηδαμῇ, οὔτε ἦν οὔτε ἔστιν οὔτε ἔσται.
But those things which it does not contain in any way, neither were, nor are, nor will be.
ἔστι δὲ τὰ τοιαῦτα τῶν μὴ ὄντων, ὅσων τἀντικείμενα αἰεὶ ἔστιν, οἷον τὸ ἀσύμμετρον εἶναι τὴν διάμετρον ἀεὶ ἔστι, καὶ οὐκ ἔσται τοῦτʼ ἐν χρόνῳ.
And such among non-beings are those whose opposites always are; for instance, the diagonal being incommensurable always is, and this will not be in time.
οὐ τοίνυν οὐδὲ τὸ σύμμετρον· διὸ αἰεὶ οὐκ ἔστιν, ὅτι ἐναντίον τῷ αἰεὶ ὄντι.
Therefore, neither will the commensurable be in time; wherefore it always is not, because it is contrary to that which always is.
ὅσων δὲ τὸ ἐναντίον μὴ αἰεί, ταῦτα δὲ δύναται καὶ εἶναι καὶ μή, καὶ ἔστιν γένεσις καὶ φθορὰ αὐτῶν.
But for those things whose opposite is not always, these can both be and not be, and of these there is generation and destruction.