§1.7#1Ὧδʼ οὖν ἡμεῖς λέγωμεν πρῶτον περὶ πάσης γενέσεως ἐπελθόντες· ἔστι γὰρ κατὰ φύσιν τὰ κοινὰ πρῶτον εἰπόντας οὕτω τὰ περὶ ἕκαστον ἴδια θεωρεῖν.
Let us, then, speak in the following way, first going over all coming to be; for it is according to nature, having first spoken of what is common, to examine in this way what is peculiar to each.
φαμὲν γὰρ γίγνεσθαι ἐξ ἄλλου ἄλλο καὶ ἐξ ἑτέρου ἕτερον ἢ τὰ ἁπλᾶ λέγοντες ἢ τὰ συγκείμενα.
For we say that one thing comes to be from another and different from different, speaking either of simple things or of composite ones.
λέγω δὲ τοῦτο ὡδί.
And I mean this in the following way.
ἔστι γὰρ γίγνεσθαι ἄνθρωπον μουσικόν, ἔστι δὲ τὸ μὴ μουσικὸν γίγνεσθαι μουσικὸν ἢ τὸν μὴ μουσικὸν ἄνθρωπον ἄνθρωπον μουσικόν.
For it is possible for a human to become musical, and for the non-musical to become musical, or the non-musical human to become a musical human.
ἁπλοῦν μὲν οὖν λέγω τὸ γιγνόμενον τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ τὸ μὴ μουσικόν, καὶ ὃ γίγνεται ἀπλοῦν, τὸ μουσικόν· συγκείμενον δὲ καὶ ὃ γίγνεται καὶ τὸ γιγνόμενον, ὅταν τὸν μὴ μουσικὸν ἄνθρωπον φῶμεν γίγνεσθαι μουσικὸν ἄνθρωπον.
Now, by simple I mean that which comes to be—the human and the non-musical—and that which it becomes, the musical; and by composite both that which becomes and that which comes to be, when we say that the non-musical human becomes a musical human.
τούτων δὲ τὸ μὲν οὐ μόνον λέγεται τόδε γίγνεσθαι ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ τοῦδε, οἷον ἐκ μὴ μουσικοῦ μουσικός, τὸ δʼ οὐ λέγεται ἐπὶ πάντων· οὐ γὰρ ἐξ ἀνθρώπου ἐγένετο μουσικός, ἀλλʼ ἄνθρωπος ἐγένετο μουσικός.
Of these, one is not only said to become this, but also to come to be from this, as 'from the non-musical, musical'; but the other is not said in all cases; for we do not say that 'from a human he became musical', but 'the human became musical'.
τῶν δὲ γιγνομένων ὡς τὰ ἀπλᾶ λέγομεν γίγνεσθαι, τὸ μὲν ὑπομένον γίγνεται τὸ δʼ οὐχ ὑπομένον· ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἄνθρωπος ὑπομένει μουσικὸς γιγνόμενος ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἔστι, τὸ δὲ μὴ μουσικὸν καὶ τὸ ἄμουσον οὔτε ἁπλῶς οὔτε συντεθειμένον ὑπομένει.
Of those things which come to be, as we say the simple ones come to be, some persist through the change while others do not; for the human persists, being a human when becoming musical, and continues to exist, but the non-musical or unmusical does not persist, either simply or in composition.
διωρισμένων δὲ τούτων, ἐξ ἁπάντων τῶν γιγνομένων τοῦτο
ἔστι λαβεῖν, ἐάν τις ἐπιβλέψῃ ὥσπερ λέγομεν, ὅτι δεῖ τι ἀεὶ ὑποκεῖσθαι τὸ γιγνόμενον, καὶ τοῦτο εἰ καὶ ἀριθμῷ ἐστιν ἕν, ἀλλʼ εἴδει γε οὐχ ἕν· τὸ γὰρ εἴδει λέγω καὶ λόγῳ ταὐτόν· οὐ γὰρ ταὐτὸν τὸ ἀνθρώπῳ καὶ τὸ ἀμούσῳ εἶναι.
These things having been determined, from all that comes to be one may grasp this, if one looks at it as we say: that there must always be something underlying that which comes to be, and this, even if it is one in number, is at least not one in form; for by 'in form' I mean the same as 'in definition'; for to be a human and to be unmusical are not the same.
καὶ τὸ μὲν ὑπομένει, τὸ δʼ οὐχ ὑπομένει· τὸ μὲν μὴ ἀντικείμενον ὑπομένει (ὁ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος ὑπομένει), τὸ μὴ μουσικὸν δὲ καὶ τὸ ἄμουσον οὐχ ὑπομένει, οὐδὲ τὸ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν συγκείμενον, οἷον ὁ ἄμουσος ἄνθρωπος.
And one persists, while the other does not; that which is not contrary persists (for the human persists), but the non-musical and the unmusical do not persist, nor does the composite of both, such as the unmusical human.
τὸ δʼ ἔκ τινος γίγνεσθαί τι, καὶ μὴ τόδε γίγνεσθαί τι, μᾶλλον μὲν λέγεται ἐπὶ τῶν μὴ ὑπομενόντων, οἷον ἐξ ἀμούσου μουσικὸν γίγνεσθαι, ἐξ ἀνθρώπου δὲ οὔ οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὑπομενόντων ἐνίοτε λέγεται ὡσαύτως· ἐκ γὰρ χαλκοῦ ἀνδριάντα γίγνεσθαί φαμεν, οὐ τὸν χαλκὸν ἀνδριάντα.
That something comes to be 'from' something, and not that 'this' becomes something, is rather said of things that do not persist, as 'from the unmusical, musical comes to be', but not 'from a human'; nevertheless, it is sometimes also said in the same way of persisting things; for we say that 'from bronze a statue comes to be', not 'the bronze becomes a statue'.
τὸ μέντοι ἐκ τοῦ ἀντικειμένου καὶ μὴ ὑπομένοντος ἀμφοτέρως λέγεται, καὶ ἐκ τοῦδε τόδε καὶ τόδε τόδε· καὶ γὰρ ἐξ ἀμούσου καὶ ὁ ἄμουσος γίγνεται μουσικός.
However, coming to be from the contrary which does not persist is spoken of in both ways: both 'this comes to be from this' and 'this becomes this'; for we say both 'from the unmusical' and 'the unmusical becomes musical'.
διὸ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ συγκειμένου ὡσαύτως· καὶ γὰρ ἐξ ἀμούσου ἀνθρώπου καὶ ὁ ἄμουσος ἄνθρωπος γίγνεσθαι λέγεται μουσικός.
Therefore, it is the same with the composite; for both 'from the unmusical human' and 'the unmusical human becomes musical' are said.
πολλαχῶς δὲ λεγομένου τοῦ γίγνεσθαι, καὶ τῶν μὲν οὐ γίγνεσθαι ἀλλὰ τόδε τι γίγνεσθαι, ἀπλῶς δὲ γίγνεσθαι τῶν οὐσιῶν μόνον, κατὰ μὲν τἆλλα φανερὸν ὅτι ἀνάγκη ὑποκεῖσθαί τι τὸ γιγνόμενον (καὶ γὰρ ποσὸν καὶ ποιὸν καὶ πρὸς ἕτερον καὶ ποὺ γίγνεται ὑποκειμένου τινὸς διὰ τὸ μόνην τὴν οὐσίαν μηθενὸς κατʼ ἄλλου λέγεσθαι ὑποκειμένου, τὰ δʼ ἄλλα πάντα κατὰ τῆς οὐσίας)· ὅτι δὲ καὶ αἱ οὐσίαι καὶ ὅσα ἁπλῶς ὄντα ἐξ ὑποκειμένου τινὸς γίγνεται, ἐπισκοποῦντι γένοιτο ἂν φανερόν.
Though 'coming to be' is said in many ways, and some things do not come to be simply but become 'this particular thing', while coming to be 'simply' belongs to substances alone, in the other cases it is obvious that something must underlie that which comes to be (for quantity, quality, relation, and place come to be of some subject, because substance alone is not spoken of as belonging to any other subject, while all other things are predicated of substance); but that substances too, and whatever else exists simply, come to be from some underlying subject, would become clear to anyone who examines it.
ἀεὶ γὰρ ἔστι ὁ ὑπόκειται, ἐξ οὗ τὸ γιγνόμενον, οἷον τὰ φυτὰ καὶ τὰ ζῶα ἐκ σπέρματος.
For there is always something underlying, from which that which comes to be arises, as plants and animals from seed.
γίγνεται δὲ τὰ γιγνόμενα ἁπλῶς τὰ μέν μετασχηματίσει, οἷον ἀνδριάς, τὰ δὲ προσθέσει, οἷον τὰ αὐξανόμενα, τὰ δʼ ἀφαιρέσει, οἷον ἐκ τοῦ λίθου ὁ Ἑρμῆς, τὰ δὲ συνθέσει, οἷον οἰκία, τὰ δʼ ἀλλοιώσει, οἷον τὰ τρεπόμενα κατὰ τὴν ὕλην.
And things that come to be simply do so, some by change of shape (as a statue), some by addition (as things that grow), some by subtraction (as the Hermes from stone), some by composition (as a house), and some by alteration (as things that change in respect of their matter).
πάντα δὲ τὰ οὕτω γιγνόμενα φανερὸν ὅτι ἐξ ὑποκειμένων γίγνεται.
And it is clear that all things which come to be in these ways come to be from underlying subjects.
ὥστε δῆλον ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων ὅτι τὸ γιγνόμενον ἅπαν ἀεὶ συνθετόν ἐστι, καὶ ἔστι μέν τι γιγνόμενον, ἔστι δέ τι ὃ τοῦτο γίγνεται, καὶ τοῦτο διττόν· ἢ γὰρ τὸ ὑποκείμενον ἢ τὸ ἀντικείμενον.
So it is clear from what has been said that everything that comes to be is always composite, and there is indeed something which comes to be, and there is something which becomes this, and the latter is twofold: either the subject or the contrary.
λέγω δὲ ἀντικεῖσθαι μὲν τὸ ἄμουσον, ὑποκεῖσθαι δὲ τὸν ἄνθρωπον, καὶ τὴν μὲν ἀσχημοσύνην καὶ τὴν ἀμορφίαν καὶ τὴν ἀταξίαν τὸ ἀντικείμενον, τὸν δὲ χαλκὸν ἢ τὸν λίθον ἢ τὸν χρυσὸν τὸ ὑποκείμενον.
And I mean that the unmusical is contrary, but the human is the subject; and shapelessness, formlessness, and lack of order are the contrary, while the bronze, the stone, or the gold is the subject.