§3.7.7ταῦτα δὴ συμβαίνει διὰ τούτων τῇ συστάσει τῶν ζῴων· καὶ τὸ μὲν ἧπαρ καὶ ὁ σπλὴν βοηθεῖ πρὸς τὴν πέψιν τῆς τροφῆς (ἔναμα γὰρ ὄντα θερμὴν ἔχει τὴν φύσιν), οἱ δὲ νεφροὶ πρὸς τὸ περίττωμα τὸ εἰς τὴν κύστιν ἀποκρινόμενον.
These things, then, occur to the constitution of animals through these parts; and the liver and the spleen assist in the concoction of food (for being sanguineous, they have a hot nature), while the kidneys assist with respect to the residue excreted into the bladder.
§3.7.8καρδία μὲν σὖν καὶ ἧπαρ πᾶσιν ἀναγκαῖα τοῖς ζῴοις, ἡ μὲν διὰ τὴν τῆς θερμότητος ἀρχήν (δεῖ γὰρ εἶναί τινα οἷον ἑστίαν, ἐν ῂ κείσεται τῆς φύσεως τὸ ζωπυροῦν, καὶ τοῦτο εὐφφίλακτον, ὥσπερ ἀκρόπολις οὺσα τοῦ σώματος), τὸ δʼ ἧπαρ τῆς πέψεως χάριν.
The heart, then, and the liver are necessary for all animals, the former because of the principle of heat (for there must be a sort of hearth in which the kindling spark of nature shall lie, and this must be well-guarded, being as it were the acropolis of the body), and the liver for the sake of concoction.
πάντα δὲ δεῖται τὰ ἔναιμα δυοῖν τούτοιν, διόπερ ἔχει πάντα τὰ ἔναιμα δύο τὰ σπλάγχνα ταύτα μόνον· ὅσα δʼ ἀναπνεῖ, καὶ πλεύμονα τρίτον.
And all sanguineous animals require these two; wherefore all sanguineous animals have these two viscera alone; and such as breathe have also the lung as a third.
§3.7.9ὁ δὲ σπλὴν κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς ἐξ ἀνάγκης ὑπάρχει 9 τοῖς ἔχουσιν, ὡσπερ καὶ τὰ περιττώματα, τό τʼ ἐν τῇ κοιλίᾳ καὶ τὸ περὶ τὴν κύστιν.
But the spleen exists of necessity as an accident 9 in those that have it, just as do the residues, both that in the stomach and that around the bladder.
διόπερ ἔν τισιν ἐκλείπει κατὰ τὸ μέγεθος, ὧσπερ τῶν τε πτερωτῶν ἐνίοις, ὅσα θερμὴν ἔχει τὴν κοιλίαν, οἷον περιστερά, ἱέραξ, ἰκτῖνος, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ᾠοτόκων δὲ καὶ τετραπόδων ὁμοίως (μικρὸν γὰρ πάμπαν ἔχουσιν), καὶ πολλοῖς τῶν λεπιδωτῶν·
Wherefore in some animals it is deficient in size, as in some of the winged animals which have a hot stomach, such as the pigeon, the hawk, and the kite, and likewise in the oviparous quadrupeds (for they have it altogether small), and in many of the scaled animals.
ἅπερ καὶ κύστιν οὐκ ἔχει διὰ τὸ τρέπεσθαι τὸ περίττωμα διὰ μανῶν τῶν σαρκῶν εἰς πτερὰ καὶ λεπίδας.
These latter also do not have a bladder, because the residue is diverted through the porous flesh into feathers and scales.
ὁ γὰρ σπλὴν ἀντισπᾷ ἐκ τῆς κοιλίας τὰς ἰκμάδας τὰς περιττευούσας, καὶ δύναται συμπέττειν αἱματύδης ὤν.
For the spleen draws away from the stomach the surplus moisture, and is able to assist in concocting it, being sanguineous.
§3.7.10ἅν δὲ τὸ 10 περίττωμα πλεῖον ᾖ ἢ ὀλιγόθερμος ὁ σπλήν, νοσακερὰ γίνεται πλήρη τροφῆς· καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐνταῦθα παλίρροιαν τῆς ὑγρὸτητος πολλοῖς αἱ κοιλίαι σκληραὶ γίνονται σπληυιῶσιν, ὧσπερ τοῖς λίαν οὐρητικσῖς, διὰ τὸ ἀντιπερισπᾶσθαι τὰς ὑγρότητας.
But if 10 the residue is too abundant or the spleen has too little heat, the bodies become diseased, being full of food; and due to the reflux of moisture in that part, the bellies of many people who suffer from spleen disease become hard, just as is the case with those who urinate excessively, because the moisture is drawn away in the opposite direction.
οἷς δὲ ὀλίγη περίττωσις γίνεται, καθάπερ τοῖς ὀρνέοις καὶ τοῖς ἰχθύσι, τὰ μὲν οὐ μέγαν ἔχει, τὰ δὲ σημείου χάριν.
But in those in which little residue is produced, as in birds and fishes, some have a spleen that is not large, and others have it only for the sake of a token.
§3.7.11καὶ ἐν τοῖς τετράποσι δὲ τοῖς ᾠοτόκοις μικρὸς καὶ 11 στιφρὸς καὶ νεφρώδης ὁ σπλήν ἐστι διὰ τὸ τὸν πλεύμονα σομφὸν εἶναι καὶ ὀλιγοποτεῖν καὶ τὸ περιγινὸμενον περίττωμα τρέπεσθαι εἰς τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὰς φολίδας, ὥσπερ εἰς τὰ πτερὰ τοῖς ὄρνισιν.
And in the oviparous quadrupeds, the spleen is small, 11 compact, and kidney-like, because the lung is spongy and they drink little, and the remaining residue is diverted to the body and the scales, just as into feathers in birds.
ἐν δὲ τοῖς κύστιν ἔχουσι καὶ τὸν πλεύμονα ἔναιμον ὑγρὸς ἐστι διά τε τὴν εἰρημένην αἰτίαν καὶ διὰ τὸ τὴν φύσιν τὴν τῶν ἀριστερῶν ὅλως ὑγροτέραν εἶναι καὶ ψυχροτέραν.
But in those which have a bladder and a sanguineous lung, the spleen is moist, both for the cause mentioned and because the nature of the left parts is altogether moister and colder.
διῃρηται γὰρ τῶν ἐναντίων ἕκαστον πρὸς τὴν συγγενῆ συστοιχίαν, οἷον δεξιὸν ἐναντίον ἀριστερῷ καὶ θερμὸν ἐναντίον ψυχρῷ· καὶ σύστοιχα γὰρ ἀλλήλοις εἰσὶ τὸν εἰρημένον τρόπον.
For each of the contraries is divided in relation to its cognate series, as right is contrary to left, and hot is contrary to cold; for they are indeed coordinate with one another in the manner described.
§3.7.1212 οἱ δὲ νεφροὶ τοῖς ἔχουσιν οὐκ ἐξ ἀνάγκης, ἀλλὰ τοῦ εὖ καὶ καλῶς ἕνεκεν ὑπάρχουσιν· τῆς γὰρ περιττώσεως χάριν τῆς εἰς τὴν κύστιν ἀθροιξομένης εἰσὶ κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν φύσιν, ἐν ὅσοις πλεῖον ὑπόστημα γίνεται τὸ τοιοῦτον, ὅπως βέλτιον ἀποδιδῷ ἡ κύστις τὸ αὑτῆς ἔργον.
12 And the kidneys exist in those that have them not of necessity, but for the sake of well-being and excellence; for they exist according to their own nature for the sake of the residue that collects in the bladder, in those in which more of such sediment is produced, so that the bladder may better perform its own function.
§3.7.1313 ἐπεὶ δὲ τῆς αὐτῆς ἕνεκα χρείας τούς τε νεφροὺς συμβέβηκεν ἔχειν τὰ ζῷα καὶ τὴν κύστιν, λεκτέον περὶ κύστεως νῦν, ὑπερβάντας τὸν ἐφεξῆς τῶν μορίων ἀριθμὸν· περὶ γὰρ φρενῶν οὐδέν πω διώρισται, τοῦτο δέ τι τῶν περὶ τὰ σπλάγχνα μορίων ἐστίν.
13 Since, then, animals happen to have both the kidneys and the bladder for the sake of the same utility, we must now speak of the bladder, passing over the consecutive order of the parts; for nothing has yet been defined about the diaphragm, and this is one of the parts around the viscera.