§3.1.77 ώς δʼ αὕτως ἔχει τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἅλλων τῶν τοιούτων.
7 And this is likewise the case also with the other such things.
σἱ δʼ ἐχθύες πάντες εἰσὶ καρχαρόδοντες, πλὴν τού ἑνὸς τού καλουμένου σκάρου· πολλοὶ δʼ ἔχουσι καὶ ἐν ταῖς γλύότταις ὀδόντας καὶ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς.
For all fishes are saw-toothed, except for the one called scarus; and many have teeth both on their tongues and on their palates.
τούτου δʼ σἴτίον ὅτι ἀναγκαῖον ἐν ὑγροῖς οὐσί παρτὸ ὑγρὸν ἅμα τῇ τροφξ, καὶ τούτο ταχέως ἐκπέμπειν.
And the cause of this is that, for those being in wet environments, it is necessary for the water to enter along with the food, and for them to expel this quickly.
οὐ γὰρ ἐνδέχεται λεαίνοντας διατρίβεινʼ εἰσρέοι γὰρ ἄν τὸ ὑγρὸν είς τὰς κοιλίας.
For it is not possible for them to spend time grinding, since the water would flow into their bellies.
διὰ τοῦτο πάντες εἰσὶν ὀξεῖς πρὸς τὴν διαίρεσιν.
For this reason, all their teeth are sharp for dividing.
πάλιν καὶ πολλοὶ καὶ πολλαχῃ, ἵνα ἀντὶ τοῦ λεαίνειν εἰς πολλἀ κερματίζωσι τῷ πλήθει.
Again, they are both many and in many places, so that instead of grinding, they may cut into many pieces by their multitude.
γαμέψοὶ δὲ διὰ τὸ τὴν ἀλκὴν σχεδὸν ἅπασαν αὐτοῖς διὰ τούτων εἶναι.
And they are curved because almost all their prowess is through these.
§3.1.88 Eὅχει δὲ καὶ τὴν τοῦ στόματος φύσιν τὰ ζῷα τούτων τε τῶν ἔργων ἕνεκα καὶ ἔτι τῆς ἀναπνοῆς, ὅσα ἀναπνεῖ τῶν ζώων καὶ καταψύχεται θύραθεν.
8 And animals have the nature of the mouth both for the sake of these functions and furthermore for the sake of respiration, as many of the animals as respire and are cooled from without.
ἡ γὰρ φύσις αὐτὴ καθʼ αὐτὴν, ὤσπερ εἴπομεν, τοῖς κοινοῖς πάέντων μορίοις είς πολλὰ τῶν ἰδίων καταχρῆται, οἷον καὶ ἐπὶ τού στόματος ἢ μὲν τροφὴ πάντων κοινόν, ἡ δʼ ἀλκὴ τινῶν ἰδίον καὶ ὁ λόγος ἑτέρων, ἔτι δὲ τὸ ἀναπνεῖν οὐ πάντων κοινὸν.
For nature itself, as we said, misuses parts common to all for many of their private purposes, as also in the case of the mouth: for while food is common to all, prowess is private to some, and speech to others, and furthermore respiration is not common to all.
§3.1.9ἡ δὲ φύσις ἅπσυνήγαγεν 9 εἰς ἕν, ποιούσα διαφορὰν αὐτού τοῦ μορίου πρὸς τὰς τῆς ἐργασίας διαφοράς.
But nature brought them all 9 together into one, making a difference in this very part in relation to the differences in its work.
διὸ τὰ μέν ἐστι συστομώτερα, τὰ δὲ μεγαλὸστομα.
Therefore, some are narrower-mouthed, and others are wide-mouthed.
ὅσα μὲν γὰρ τροφῆς καὶ ἀναπνοῆς καὶ λόγου χάριν, συστομώτερα, τῶν δὲ βοηθείας χάριν τὰ μὲν καρχαρὸδοντα πάντα ἀνερρωγότα.
For as many as are for the sake of food, respiration, and speech are narrower-mouthed, while of those for the sake of protection, all that are saw-toothed are wide-gaped.
οὕσης γὰρ αὐτοῖς τὴς ἀλκῆς ἐν τοῖς δήγμασι χρήσιμον τὸ μεγάλην εἶναι τὴν ἀνάπτυξιν τού στὸματος· πλείοσι γὰρ καὶ κατὰ μεῖξον δήξεται, ὅσονπερ ἄν ἐπὶ τὸ πλέον ἀνερρώγῃ τὸ στόμα.
For since their prowess is in biting, it is useful for the opening of the mouth to be large; for it will bite with more teeth and in a larger grasp, by as much as the mouth is more wide-gaped.
ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ τῶν ἰχθύων οἱ δηκτικοὶ καὶ σαρκοφάγοι τοιοῦτον στόμα, οἱ δὲ gὴ σαρκοφάγοι μύουρον· τοιοὺτον γὰρ αὐτοῖς χρήσιμον, ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἂχρηστον.
And among fishes, those that bite and are carnivorous have such a mouth, while those that are not carnivorous have a tapered one; for such is useful to them, whereas the former is useless.
§3.1.10τοῖς δʼ 10 ὄρνισίν ἐστι τὸ καλούμενον ῥύγχος στόμα· τοῦτο γὰρ ἀντὶ χειλῶν καὶ ὀδόντων ἔχουσιν.
But in 10 birds, the so-called beak is the mouth; for this they have instead of lips and teeth.
διαφέρει δὲ τοῦτο κατὰ τὰς χρήσεις καὶ τὰς βοηθείας.
And this differs according to uses and protections.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ γαμψὸνυχα καλούμενα διὰ τὸ σαρκοφαγεῖν καὶ μηδενὶ τρέφεσθαι καρπῷ γαμμ ψὸν ἔχει τὸ ῥύγχος ἅπαντα· χρήσιμον γὰρ πρὸς τὸ κρατεῖν καὶ βιαστικύότερον τοιούτο πεφυκὸς.
For those called crook-taloned, because they are carnivorous and feed on no fruit, all have a hooked beak; for such a nature is useful for holding and is more forceful.
§3.1.11ἥ δʼ ἀλκὴ ἐν τούτῳ τε καὶ τοῖς 11 ὄνυξι· διὸ καὶ τοὺς ὄνυχας γαμ ψοτέρους ἔχουσιν.
And their prowess is both in this and in their 11 talons; therefore they also have more hooked talons.
τῶν δʼ ἄλλων ἑκάστῳ πρὸς τὸν βίον χρήσιμόν ἐστι τὸ ῥύγχος, οἷον τοῖς μὲν δρυοκόποις ίσχυρὸν καὶ σκληρόν, καὶ κὸραξι καὶ κορακύδεσι, τοῖς δὲ μικροῖς γλαφυρὸν πρὸς τὰς συλλογὰς τῶν καρπῶν καὶ τὰς λήψεις τῶν ζφδαρίων.
But in each of the others, the beak is useful for their way of life: for instance, for woodpeckers, crows, and crow-like birds, it is strong and hard; while for small birds, it is delicate for the gathering of fruits and the catching of small animals.
§3.1.12ὅσα δὲ ποηφάγα καὶ ὅσα παρʼ 12 ἓλη ζῇ, καθάπερ τὰ πλωτὰ καὶ στεγανὸποδα, τὰ μὲν ἄλλον τρόπον χρήσιμον ἔχει τὸ ῥύγχος, τὰ δὲ πλατύρυγχα αὐτῶν ἐστίν· τοιούτῳ γὰρ ὄντι ῥᾳδίως δύνατʼ ὀρύσσειν, ὥσπερ καὶ τῶν τετραπόδων τὸ τῆς ὑός· καὶ γὰρ αὕτη ῥιζοφάγος.
But as many as are herbivorous and as many as live by 12 marshes, like the swimming and web-footed birds, some have a beak useful in another way, and others of them are broad-beaked; for being of such a kind, they can easily dig, just as the snout of the pig among quadrupeds, for this also is a root-eater.
ἔτι δʼ ἕχουσι καὶ τὰ ῥιζοφάγα τῶν ὀρνέων καὶ τῶν ὁμοιοβίων ἔνια τὰ ἄκρα τού ῥύγχους κεχαραγμένα· ποηφάγοις γὰρ τούτοις οὺσι ποιεῖ ῥᾳδίως.
Furthermore, some of the root-eating birds and those of similar life have the tips of their beaks serrated; for since they are herbivorous, this makes it easy.
§3.1.1313 Περὶ μὲν σὖν τῶν ἄλλων μορίων τῶν ἐν τῇ κεφαλ ῇ σχεδὸν εἴρηται, τῶν δʼ ἀνθρύπων καλεῖται τὸ μεταξύ της κεφαλῆς καὶ τοῦ αὐχένος πρὸσωπον, ἀπὸ τῆς πράξεως αὐτῆς ὀνομασθέν, ὡὸς ἔοικεν·
13 Now, concerning the other parts in the head, they have been nearly discussed.
διὰ γὰρ τὸ μόνον ὀρθὸν εἶναι τῶν ζῴων μόνον πρόσωσθεν ὄπωπε καὶ τὴν φωνὴν είς τὸ πρόσω διαπέμπει.
But in humans, the part between the head and the neck is called the "face", having been named, as it seems, from its very activity; for because man alone of the animals is upright, he alone looks forward and sends his voice forward.