§2.16.77 σιτία δὲ τούτων ἡ φύσις ἡ τῶν ὀρνίθων συνεστηκυῖα τούτον τὸν τρὸπον.
7 The nature of birds is constituted in this way with respect to these parts.
δίπουν γάρ ἐστι καὶ πτερυγωτὸν, ὧστʼ ἀνάγκη μικρὸν τὸ βάρος ἔχειν τὸ τοῦ αὐχένος καὶ τὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς, ὤσπερ καὶ τὸ στὴθος στενόν·
For they are bipedal and winged, so that of necessity the weight of their neck and head must be small, just as their breast is also narrow.
ὅπως μὲν σὗν ᾖ χρήσιμον πρός τε τὴν ἀλκὴν καὶ διὰ τὴν τροφὴν, ὀστῶδες ἔχουσι τὸ ῥύγχος, στενὸν δὲ διὰ τὴν μικρὸτητα τὴς κεφαλῆς.
In order, then, that it may be useful both for defense and for food, they have a bony beak, which is narrow because of the smallness of their head.
ἐν δὲ τῷ ῥύγχει τοὺς πόρους ἔχουσι τῆς ὀσφρήσεως, μυκτὴρας δʼ ἔχειν ἀδύνατον.
And they have the passages of smell in the beak, but it is impossible for them to have nostrils.
§2.16.88 περὶ δὲ τῶν ἅλλων ζῷων τῶν μὴ ἀναπνεόντων εἴρηται πρὸτερον, διʼ ᾒν αἰτίαν οὐκ ἔχουσι μυκτῆρας, ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν διὰ τῶν βραγχίων, τὰ δὲ διἀ τοῦ αὐλοῦ, τὰ δʼ ἕντομα διὰ τού ὑποζύόματος αίσσθάνονται τῶν ὁςμην, καὶ πάντα τῷ συνφύτῳ πνεύματι τού σώματος ὥσπερ κινεῖται· τοῦτο δʼ ὑπάρχει φύσει πἅσι καὶ οὐ θύραθεν ἐπείσακτόν ἐστιν.
8 Regarding the other animals that do not breathe, it has been said before for what reason they do not have nostrils, but some perceive smell through their gills, others through their blow-pipe (or siphon), and insects through their undergirding (diaphragm), and all are, as it were, set in motion by the connate breath (pneuma) of the body; and this belongs by nature to all of them, and is not introduced from without.
§2.16.99 Ὑπὸ δὲ τοὺς μυκτῆρας ἡ τῶν χειλῶν ἐστὶ φύσις τοῖς ἔχουσι τῶν ἐναίμων ὀδόντας.
9 Below the nostrils is the nature of the lips in those of the sanguineous animals that have teeth.
τοῖς γὰρ ὄρνισι, καθάπερ εἴπομεν, διὰ τὴν τροφὴν καὶ τὴν ἀλκὴν τὸ ῥύγχος ὀστῶδες ἐστίν· συνῆκται γὰρ είς ἓν ἀντʼ ὀδόντων καὶ χειλῶν, ὤσπερ ἄν εἴ τις ἀφελὼν ἀνθρώπου τὰ χείλη καὶ συμφύσας τοὺς ἅνωσθεν ὀδόντας χωρὶς καὶ τούς κάτωθεν προαγάγοι μῆκος ποιήσας ἀμφοτέρωθεν εἰς στενὸν· εἴη γὰρ ἂν τοῦτο ἤδῃ ῥύγχος ὀρνιθῶδες.
For in birds, as we said, the beak is bony for the sake of food and defense; for it is contracted into one instead of teeth and lips, just as if one were to take away the lips of a human being and, having fused the upper teeth separately and the lower ones likewise, were to extend them, making them narrow in width on both sides; for this would then already be a bird-like beak.
§2.16.1010 τοῖς μὲν σὖν ἄλίοις ζῴοις πρὸς σωτηρίαν τῶν ὀδόντων ἡ τῶν χειλῶν φύσις ἐστὶ καὶ πρὸς φυλακήν, διόπερ ὡς ἐκείνων μετέχουσι τοῦ ἀκριβηςς καὶ καλῶς ἢ τοὐναντίον, οὕτω καὶ τού διηρθρῶσθαι τοῦτο τὸ μόριον ἔχουσιν· οἱ δʼ ἄνθρωποι μαλακὰ καὶ σαρκύδη καὶ δυνάμενα χωρίζεσθαι, φυλακῆς θʼ ἕνεκα τῶν ὀδόντων ὤσπερ καὶ τὰ ἅλλα, καὶ μᾶλλον ἔτι διὰ τὸ εὖ· πρὸς γὰρ τὸ χρῆσθαι τῷ λόγῳ καὶ ταῦτα.
10 In other animals, then, the nature of the lips is for the preservation and protection of the teeth, and therefore, according as they share in the precision and beauty of those teeth, or the contrary, so also they have this part articulated; but humans have lips that are soft, fleshy, and capable of being separated, both for the sake of protecting the teeth like the other animals, and still more for the sake of well-being; for these parts too are for the purpose of using speech.
ὥσπερ γὰρ τὴν γλῶτταν οὐχ ὁμοίαν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐποίησεν ἡ φύσις, πρὸς ἐργασίας δύο καταχρησαμένη, καθάπερ εἴπομεν ποιεῖν αὐτὴν ἐπὶ πολλῶν, 660,a τὴν μὲν γλῶτταν τῶν τε χυμῶν ἕνεκεν καὶ τοῦ λόγου, τὰ δὲ χείλη τούτου θʼ ἓνεκεν καὶ τῆς τῶν ὀδόνφυλακῆς.
For just as nature did not make the tongue like that of others, turning it to extra use for two functions — as we said she does in many cases — 660,a making the tongue for the sake of tastes and speech, and the lips for the sake of this latter and the protection of the teeth.
§2.16.11ὁ μὲν γὰρ λόγος ὁ διὰ τῆς φωνῆς ἐκ 11 τῶν γραμμάτων σύγκειται, τῆς δὲ γλύόττης μὴ τοιαύτης οὕσης μηδὲ τῶν χειλῶν ὑγρῶν οὐκ ἄν ἦν φθέγγεσθαι τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν γραμμάτων· τὰ μὲν γὰρ τῆς γλώττης εἰσὶ προσβολαί, τὰ δὲ συμβολαὶ τῶν χειλῶν.
11 For speech through the voice is composed of letters (phonemes), and if the tongue were not such as it is, and if the lips were not moist, it would not be possible to pronounce most of the letters; for some are impacts of the tongue, and others are closures of the lips.
ποίας δὲ ταύτα καὶ πόσας καὶ τίνας ἔχει διαφοράς, δεῖ πυνθάνεσθαι παρὰ τῶν μετρικῶν.
What kind and how many these are, and what differences they have, must be learned from the metrical theorists.
§2.16.12ἀνάμκη 12 δʼ ἦν εὐθὺς ἀκολουθήσαι τούτων τῶν μορίων ἑκάτερον πρὸς τὴν εἰρημένην χρῆσιν εὐεργὰ καὶ τοιαύτην ἔχοντα τὴν φύσιν· διὸ σάρκινα.
12 And it was necessary that each of these parts should immediately follow, being easy to work and having such a nature for the aforementioned use; therefore they are fleshy.
μαλακωτάτη δʼ ἡ σὰρξ ἡ τῶν ἀνθρύόπων ὑπὴρχεν.
And the flesh of humans is the softest.
τοῦτο δὲ διὰ τὸ αἰσθητικὸτατον εἶναι τῶν ζῷόων τὴν διὰ τὴς ἁφῆς αἴσθησιν.
This is because, of all animals, humans have the most sensitive perception through touch.