§1.5.1τῶν δὲ κτημάτων πρῶτον μὲν καὶ ἀναγκαιότατον τὸ βέλτιστον καὶ οἰκονομικώτατον· τοῦτο δὲ ἦν ἄνθρωπος.
Of possessions, the first and most necessary is that which is best and most suitable for household management; and this was human beings.
διὸ δεῖ πρῶτον δούλους παρασκευάζεσθαι σπουδαίους.
Therefore, one must first acquire excellent slaves.
δούλων δὲ εἴδη δύο, ἐπίτροπος καὶ ἐργάτης.
There are two kinds of slaves: the overseer and the laborer.
ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁρῶμεν ὅτι αἱ παιδεῖαι ποιούς τινας ποιοῦσι τοὺς νέους, ἀναγκαῖον καὶ παρασκευασάμενον τρέφειν οἷς τὰ ἐλευθέρια τῶν ἔργων προστακτέον.
And since we see that education makes young people of a certain character, it is necessary, having acquired them, to train those to whom the duties of free men are to be assigned.
§1.5.2ὁμιλία δὲ πρὸς δούλους ὡς μήτε ὑβρίζειν ἐᾶν μήτε ἀνιᾶν, καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἐλευθεριωτέροις τιμῆς μεταδιδόναι, τοῖς δʼ ἐργάταις τροφῆς πλῆθος.
One's association with slaves should be such as neither to allow them to be insolent nor to torment them; and to share honor with those who are more liberal, and plenty of food with the laborers.
καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἡ τοῦ οἴνου πόσις καὶ τοὺς ἐλευθέρους ὑβριστὰς ποιεῖ, καὶ πολλὰ ἔθνη ἀπέχεται καὶ τῶν ἐλευθέρων, οἷον Καρχηδόνιοι ἐπὶ στρατιᾶς, φανερὸν ὅτι τούτου ἢ μηδὲν ἢ ὀλιγάκις μεταδοτέον.
And since the drinking of wine makes even free men insolent, and many nations abstain from it even for free men—as the Carthaginians do on campaign—it is clear that of this either none at all or very little should be shared.
§1.5.3ὄντων δὲ τριῶν, ἔργου καὶ κολάσεως καὶ τροφῆς, τὸ μὲν μήτε κολάζεσθαι, μήτʼ ἐργάζεσθαι, τροφὴν δʼ ἔχειν, ὕβριν ἐμποιεῖ· τὸ δὲ ἔργα μὲν ἔχειν καὶ κολάσεις, τροφὴν δὲ μή, βίαιον καὶ ἀδυναμίαν ποιεῖ.
There being three things: work, punishment, and food; not to be punished, nor to work, but to have food, produces insolence; whereas to have work and punishments, but no food, is violent and produces inability to work.
λείπεται δὴ ἔργα παρέχειν καὶ τροφὴν ἱκανήν· ἀμίσθων γὰρ οὐχ οἷόν τε ἄρχειν, δούλῳ δὲ μισθὸς τροφή.
It remains, then, to provide work and sufficient food; for it is impossible to rule without rewards, and for a slave, food is the reward.
ὥσπερ δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὅταν μὴ γίγνηται τοῖς βελτίοσι βέλτιον μηδὲ ἆθλα ᾖ ἀρετῆς καὶ κακίας, γίγνονται χείρους, οὕτω καὶ περὶ οἰκέτας.
And just as with other men, when the better do not get better treatment and there are no rewards for virtue and vice, they become worse, so it is also with household slaves.
§1.5.4διόπερ δεῖ ποιεῖσθαι σκέψιν καὶ διανέμειν τε καὶ ἀνιέναι κατʼ ἀξίαν ἕκαστα, καὶ τροφὴν καὶ ἐσθῆτα καὶ ἀργίαν καὶ κολάσεις, λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ μιμουμένους τὴν τῶν ἰατρῶν δύναμιν ἐν φαρμάκου λόγῳ, προσθεωροῦντας ὅτι ἡ τροφὴ οὐ φάρμακον διὰ τὸ συνεχές.
Therefore, one must make an inquiry and distribute and relax each thing according to merit—namely food, clothing, leisure, and punishments—imitating in word and deed the power of physicians in the administration of medicine, keeping in mind that food is not a medicine because of its continuous nature.
§1.5.5γένη δὲ ἂν εἴη πρὸς τὰ ἔργα βέλτιστα μήτε δειλὰ μήτε ἀνδρῖα ἄγαν.
The best races for work would be those that are neither too cowardly nor too brave.
ἀμφότερα γὰρ ἀδικοῦσι. καὶ γὰρ οἱ ἄγαν δειλοὶ οὐχ ὑπομένουσι καὶ οἱ θυμοειδεῖς οὐκ εὔαρχοι.
For both do wrong; the excessively cowardly do not endure, and the high-spirited are not easy to rule.
§1.5.6χρὴ δὲ καὶ τέλος ὡρίσθαι πᾶσιν· δίκαιον γὰρ καὶ συμφέρον τὴν ἐλευθερίαν κεῖσθαι ἆθλον· βούλονται γὰρ πονεῖν, ὅταν ᾖ ἆθλον καὶ ὁ χρόνος ὡρισμένος.
And a limit ought to be set for all; for it is just and advantageous that freedom should be proposed as a prize; for they are willing to labor when there is a prize and the time is limited.
δεῖ δὲ καὶ ἐξομηρεύειν ταῖς τεκνοποιίαις· καὶ μὴ κτᾶσθαι ὁμοεθνεῖς πολλούς, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν· καὶ τὰς θυσίας καὶ τὰς ἀπολαύσεις μᾶλλον τῶν δούλων ἕνεκα ποιεῖσθαι ἢ τῶν ἐλευθέρων· πλείονα γὰρ ἔχουσιν οὗτοι οὗπερ ἕνεκα τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐνομίσθη.
One should also secure hostages through their having children; and not acquire many slaves of the same nation, just as in cities; and perform sacrifices and amusements more for the sake of the slaves than for the free; for these have more need of that for which such things were established.