§4.66 τὸ δʼ ὑγραίνεσθαί ἐστιν ἓν μὲν τὸ ὕδωρ γίγνεσθαι συνιστάμενον, ἓν δὲ τὸ τήκεσθαι τὸ πεπηγός.
6 Now liquefying is, in one way, becoming water by condensing, and in another, the melting of what has been solidified.
τούτων δὲ συνίσταται μὲν ψυχόμενον τὸ πνεῦμα· περὶ δὲ τήξεως ἅμα καὶ περὶ πήξεως ἔσται δῆλον.
Of these, vapor condenses when cooled; but about melting, it will become clear at the same time as about solidification.
πήγνυται δὲ ὅσα πήγνυται ἢ ὕδατος ὄντα ἢ γῆς καὶ ὕδατος, καὶ ταῦτα ἢ θερμῷ ξηρῷ ἢ ψυχρῷ.
Whatever things solidify do so being either of water or of earth and water, and these either by dry heat or by the cold.
διὸ καὶ λύεται τοῖς ἐναντίοις, ὅσα λύεται τῶν ὑπὸ θερμοῦ παγέντων ἢ ὑπὸ ψυχροῦ·
Wherefore also, whatever of those solidified by heat or by cold are dissolved, they are dissolved by their contraries.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὑπὸ ξηροῦ θερμοῦ παγέντα ὑπὸ ὕδατος λύεται, ὅ ἐστιν ὑγρὸν ψυχρόν, τὰ δὲ ὑπὸ ψυχροῦ παγέντα ὑπὸ πυρὸς λύεται, ὅ ἐστιν θερμόν.
For things solidified by dry heat are dissolved by water, which is wet and cold, while things solidified by the cold are dissolved by fire, which is hot.
πήγνυσθαι δʼ ἔνια δόξειεν ἂν ὑπὸ ὕδατος, ὡς τὸ μέλι τὸ ἑφθόν· πήγνυται δὲ οὐχ ὑπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος, ἀλλʼ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ ψυχροῦ.
But some things might seem to be solidified by water, such as boiled honey; yet they are solidified not by the water, but by the cold in it.
ὅσα μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ὕδατος, οὐ πήγνυται ὑπὸ πυρός· λύεται γὰρ ὑπὸ πυρός, τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ τῷ αὐτῷ κατὰ ταὐτὸ οὐκ ἔσται αἴτιον τοῦ ἐναντίου.
All things, then, that consist of water are not solidified by fire; for they are dissolved by fire, and the same thing cannot be the cause of the contrary to the same thing in the same respect.
ἔτι τῷ ἀπιέναι τὸ θερμὸν πήγνυται, ὥστε δῆλον ὅτι τῷ εἰσιέναι λυθήσεται· ὥστε ποιοῦντος τοῦ ψυχροῦ πήγνυται.
Moreover, they solidify by the departure of the hot, so it is clear that they will be dissolved by its entrance; and so they solidify with the cold acting.
διὸ καὶ οὐ παχύνεται τὰ τοιαῦτα πηγνύμενα· ἡ γὰρ πάχυνσις ὑγροῦ μὲν ἀπιόντος γίγνεται, τοῦ ξηροῦ δὲ συνισταμένου· ὕδωρ δὲ τῶν ὑγρῶν οὐ παχύνεται μόνον.
Wherefore also, such things do not thicken when they solidify; for thickening occurs when the wet departs and the dry condenses, and of wet things, water alone does not thicken.
ὅσα δὲ κοινὰ γῆς καὶ ὕδατος, καὶ ὑπὸ πυρὸς πήγνυται καὶ ὑπὸ ψυχροῦ, παχύνεται δὲ ὑπʼ ἀμφοῖν ἔστι μὲν ὡς τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον, ἔστι δʼ ὡς ἄλλως, ὑπὸ μὲν θερμοῦ τὸ ὑγρὸν ἐξάγοντος (ἐξατμίζοντος γὰρ τοῦ ὑγροῦ παχύνεται τὸ ξηρὸν καὶ συνίσταται), ὑπὸ δὲ ψυχροῦ τὸ θερμὸν ἐκθλίβοντος, μεθʼ οὗ τὸ ὑγρὸν συναπέρχεται συνεξατμίζον.
But whatever things are common to earth and water are solidified both by fire and by the cold, and are thickened by both, in one way in the same manner, and in another otherwise: by the hot drawing out the wet (for as the wet evaporates, the dry thickens and condenses), and by the cold squeezing out the hot, together with which the wet departs, evaporating along with it.
ὅσα μὲν οὖν μαλακὰ ἀλλὰ μὴ ὑγρά, οὐ παχύνεται ἀλλὰ πήγνυται ἐξιόντος τοῦ ὑγροῦ, οἷον ὁ ὀπτώμενος κέραμος·
So, whatever things are soft but not wet do not thicken but solidify as the wet departs, like pottery when it is being baked.
ὅσα δὲ ὑγρὰ τῶν μεικτῶν, καὶ παχύνεται, οἷον γάλα.
But whatever of the mixtures are wet also thicken, like milk.
πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ὑγραίνεται πρῶτον, ὅσα ἢ παχέα ἢ σκληρὰ ὑπὸ ψυχροῦ προϋπῆρχεν ὄντα, ὥσπερ καὶ ὁ κέραμος τὸ πρῶτον ὀπτώμενος ἀτμίζει καὶ μαλακώτερος γίγνεται· διὸ καὶ διαστρέφεται ἐν ταῖς καμίνοις.
And many things also liquefy first, which previously existed as thick or hard because of the cold, just as pottery when first being baked steams and becomes softer; wherefore it also warps in the kilns.
ὅσα μὲν οὖν ὑπὸ ψυχροῦ πήγνυται τῶν κοινῶν γῆς καὶ ὕδατος, πλέον δὲ ἐχόντων γῆς, τὰ μὲν τῷ τὸ θερμὸν ἐξεληλυθέναι πηγνύμενα, ταῦτα τήκεται θερμῷ εἰσιόντος πάλιν τοῦ θερμοῦ, οἷον ὁ πηλὸς ὅταν παγῇ·
So, of the things common to earth and water but containing more of earth, those that solidify by the cold because the heat has gone out are melted by the hot when the heat enters again, like clay when it has solidified.
ὅσα δὲ διὰ ψύξιν, καὶ τοῦ θερμοῦ συνεξατμίσαντος ἅπαντος, ταῦτα δὲ ἄλυτα μὴ ὑπερβαλλούσῃ θερμότητι, ἀλλὰ μαλάττεται, οἶον σίδηρος καὶ κέρας.
But those that solidify through cooling, all the heat having evaporated along with the wet, are indissoluble by heat that is not excessive, but they are softened, like iron and horn.
τήκεται δὲ καὶ ὁ εἰργασμένος σίδηρος, ὥστε ὑγρὸς γίγνεσθαι καὶ πάλιν πήγνυσθαι.
Worked iron also melts so as to become liquid and solidify again.
καὶ τὰ στομώματα ποιοῦσιν οὕτως· ὑφίσταται γὰρ καὶ ἀποκαθαίρεται κάτω ἡ σκωρία·
And they make steel in this way; for the slag settles down and is purged away below.
ὅταν δὲ πολλάκις πάθη καὶ καθαρὸς γένηται, τοῦτο στόμωμα γίγνεται.
And when it has undergone this many times and becomes pure, this becomes steel.
οὐ ποιοῦσι δὲ πολλάκις αὐτὸ διὰ τὸ ἀπουσίαν γίγνεσθαι πολλὴν καὶ τὸν σταθμὸν ἐλάττω ἀποκαθαιρομένου.
But they do not do this many times because of the great loss that occurs and the weight becoming less as it is purged.
ἔστιν δʼ ἀμείνων σίδηρος ὁ ἐλάττω ἔχων ἀποκάθαρσιν.
And the iron is better which has less slag to be purged.
τήκεται δὲ καὶ ὁ λίθος ὁ πυρίμαχος ὥστε στάζειν καὶ δεῖν· τὸ δὲ πηγνύμενον ὅταν ῥυῇ, πάλιν γίγνεται σκληρόν.
And pyrimachos stone also melts so as to drip and flow; and what flows, when solidified, becomes hard again.
καὶ αἱ μύλαι τήκονται ὥστε δεῖν· τὸ δὲ δέον πηγνύμενον τὸ μὲν χρῶμα μέλαν, ὅμοιον δὲ γίγνεται τῇ τιτάνῳ.
And millstones also melt so as to flow; and what flows, when solidified, becomes black in color and similar to lime.
τήκεται δὲ καὶ ὁ πηλὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ.
And clay and earth also melt.
ὅσα δʼ ὑπὸ ξηροῦ θερμοῦ πήγνυται, τὰ μὲν ἄλυτα, τὰ δὲ λυτὰ ὑγρῷ.
And whatever things are solidified by dry heat, some are indissoluble, others dissoluble by the wet.
κέραμος μὲν οὖν καὶ λίθων ἐνίων γένη, ὅσοι ὑπὸ πυρὸς τῆς γῆς συγκαυθείσης γίγνονται, οἶον οἱ μυλίαι, ἄλυτα, νίτρον δὲ καὶ ἅλες λυτὰ ὑγρῷ, οὐ παντὶ δὲ ἀλλὰ ψυχρῷ·
Pottery, indeed, and some kinds of stones, which are formed by the earth being burnt up by fire, such as millstones, are indissoluble; but soda and salts are dissoluble by the wet, yet not by every wet, but by the cold wet.
διὸ ὕδατι καὶ ὅσα ὕδατος εἴδη τήκεται, ἐλαίῳ δʼ οὐ τήκεται·
Wherefore they are melted by water and whatever are forms of water, but are not melted by oil.
τῷ γὰρ ξηρῷ θερμῷ ἐναντίον ψυχρὸν ὑγρόν.
For the contrary to the dry-hot is the cold-wet.
εἰ οὖν ἔπηξεν θάτερον, θάτερον λύσει· οὕτω γὰρ τἀναντία ἔσται αἴτια τῶν ἐναντίων.
If, therefore, the one solidified, the other will dissolve; for in this way contraries will be the causes of contraries.