§2.77 περὶ δὲ σεισμοῦ καὶ κινήσεως γῆς μετὰ ταῦτα λεκτέον· ἡ γὰρ αἰτία τοῦ πάθους ἐχομένη τούτου τοῦ γένους ἐστίν.
7 Next we must speak of earthquakes and movement of the earth; for the cause of this phenomenon is closely connected with this class of things.
ἔστι δὲ τὰ παρειλημμένα μέχρι γε τοῦ νῦν χρόνου τρία καὶ παρὰ τριῶν.
The views handed down up to the present time are three, and from three men.
Ἀναξαγόρας τε γὰρ ὁ Κλαζομένιος καὶ πρότερον Ἀναξιμένης ὁ Μιλήσιος ἀπεφήναντο, καὶ τούτων ὕστερον Δημόκριτος ὁ Ἀβδηρίτης.
For Anaxagoras of Clazomenae and, earlier, Anaximenes of Miletus declared their views, and after them Democritus of Abdera.
Ἀναξαγόρας μὲν οὖν φησι τὸν αἰθέρα πεφυκότα φέρεσθαι ἄνω, ἐμπίπτοντα δ᾿ εἰς τὰ κάτω τῆς γῆς καὶ κοῖλα κινεῖν αὐτήν· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἄνω συναληλεῖφθαι διὰ τοὺς ὄμβρους (ἐπεὶ φύσει γε ἅπασαν ὁμοίως εἶναι σομφήν), ὡς ὄντος τοῦ μὲν ἄνω τοῦ δὲ κάτω τῆς ὅλης σφαίρας, καὶ ἄνω μὲν τούτου ὄντος τοῦ μορίου ἐφ᾿ οὗ τυγχάνομεν οἰκοῦντες, κάτω δὲ θατέρου.
Anaxagoras says that the ether, having a natural tendency to move upwards, falls into the lower parts and hollows of the earth and so moves it; for the upper parts are clogged together by rain (since by nature the whole earth is equally porous), as if the whole sphere had an upper and a lower part, and this part on which we happen to live is the upper part, and the other is the lower.
πρὸς μὲν οὖν ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν οὐδὲν ἴσως δεῖ λέγειν ὡς λίαν ἁπλῶς εἰρημένην· τό τε γὰρ ἄνω καὶ τὸ κάτω νομίζειν οὕτως ἔχειν ὥστε μὴ πρὸς μὲν τὴν γῆν πάντῃ φέρεσθαι τὰ βάρος ἔχοντα τῶν σωμάτων, ἄνω δὲ τὰ κοῦφα καὶ τὸ πῦρ, εὔηθες, καὶ ταῦθ᾿ ὁρῶντας τὸν ὁρίζοντα τὴν οἰκουμένην, ὅσην ἡμεῖς ἴσμεν, ἕτερον ἀεὶ γιγνόμενον μεθισταμένων, ὡς οὔσης κυρτῆς καὶ σφαιροειδοῦς· καὶ τὸ λέγειν μὲν ὡς διὰ τὸ μέγεθος ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀέρος μένειν, σείεσθαι δὲ φάσκειν τυπτομένην κάτωθεν ἄνω δι᾿ ὅλης.
Against this cause, then, it is perhaps unnecessary to say anything, as it is stated too simplified; for to think that "up" and "down" are so situated that heavy bodies do not tend towards the earth from every direction, and light ones and fire upwards, is foolish, and this especially when we see that the horizon of the inhabited world, as far as we know, is always changing as people move, which shows that the earth is convex and spherical; and to say on the one hand that the earth remains on the air because of its size, but to assert on the other hand that it is shaken by being struck from below upwards throughout its whole extent.
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις οὐδὲν ἀποδίδωσι τῶν συμβαινόντων περὶ τοὺς σεισμούς· οὔτε γὰρ χῶραι οὔτε ὧραι αἱ τυχοῦσαι μετέχουσι τούτου τοῦ πάθους.
Besides, he explains none of the phenomena that occur during earthquakes; for not any chance places or seasons partake in this phenomenon.
Δημόκριτος δέ φησι πλήρη τὴν γῆν ὕδατος οὖσαν, καὶ πολὺ δεχομένην ἕτερον ὄμβριον ὕδωρ, ὑπὸ τούτου κινεῖσθαι· πλείονός τε γὰρ γιγνομένου διὰ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι δέχεσθαι τὰς κοιλίας ἀποβιαζόμενον ποιεῖν τὸν σεισμόν, καὶ ξηραινομένην ἕλκουσαν εἰς τοὺς κενοὺς τόπους ἐκ τῶν πληρεστέρων τὸ μεταβάλλον ἐμπῖπτον κινεῖν.
Democritus, on the other hand, says that the earth, being full of water and receiving much other rain-water besides, is moved by this; for when the water increases because the hollows cannot contain it, it forces its way and produces the earthquake, and when the earth dries up, drawing water into the empty places from those that are fuller, the moving water falls in and moves it.
Ἀναξιμένης δέ φησιν βρεχομένην τὴν γῆν καὶ ξηραινομένην ῥήγνυσθαι, καὶ ὑπὸ τούτων τῶν ἀπορρηγνυμένων κολωνῶν ἐμπιπτόντων σείεσθαι· διὸ καὶ γίγνεσθαι τοὺς σεισμοὺς ἔν τε τοῖς αὐχμοῖς καὶ πάλιν ἐν ταῖς ἐπομβρίαις· ἔν τε γὰρ τοῖς αὐχμοῖς, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ξηραινομένην ῥήγνυσθαι, καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν ὑδάτων ὑπερυγραινομένην διαπίπτειν.
Anaximenes says that the earth, when wet and when dry, breaks, and is shaken by the fall of these broken hills; for which reason earthquakes occur both in times of drought and, conversely, in times of heavy rain; for in droughts, as has been said, it dries up and breaks, and when made excessively wet by waters, it falls to pieces.
ἔδει δὲ τούτου συμβαίνοντος ὑπονοστοῦσαν πολλαχῇ φαίνεσθαι τὴν γῆν.
But if this were the case, the earth ought to be seen sinking in many places.
ἔτι δὲ διὰ τίν᾿ αἰτίαν περὶ τόπους τινὰς πολλάκις γίγνεται τοῦτο τὸ πάθος οὐδεμιᾷ διαφέροντας ὑπερβολῇ τοιαύτῃ παρὰ τοὺς ἄλλους;
And further, for what cause does this phenomenon occur often in certain places which do not differ from others in any such extreme way?
καίτοι ἐχρῆν.
And yet they ought to.
ὅλως δὲ τοῖς οὕτως ὑπολαμβάνουσιν ἀναγκαῖον ἧττον ἀεὶ τοὺς σεισμοὺς φάναι γίγνεσθαι, καὶ τέλος παύσασθαί ποτε σειομένην· τὸ γὰρ σαττόμενον τοιαύτην ἔχει φύσιν.
In general, for those who hold this view, they must say that earthquakes are always becoming fewer, and that the earth must some time cease to be shaken at all; for that which is settling down and packing together has such a nature.
ὥστ᾿ εἰ τοῦτ᾿ ἀδύνατον, δῆλον ὅτι ἀδύνατον καὶ ταύτην εἶναι τὴν αἰτίαν.
So if this is impossible, it is clear that this cannot be the cause either.