§2.6#16 περὶ δὲ θέσεως αὐτῶν, καὶ τίνες ἐναντίοι τίσι, καὶ ποίους ἅμα πνεῖν ἐνδέχεται καὶ ποίους οὔ, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τίνες καὶ πόσοι τυγχάνουσιν ὄντες, καὶ πρὸς τούτοις περὶ τῶν ἄλλων παθημάτων ὅσα μὴ συμβέβηκεν ἐν τοῖς προβλήμασιν εἰρῆσθαι τοῖς κατὰ μέρος, νῦν λέγωμεν.
6 Now let us speak of their position, and which are contrary to which, and which can blow at the same time and which cannot, and further, what kinds of winds there are and how many they happen to be, and in addition to these, concerning the other properties which have not happened to be discussed in the detailed problems.
δεῖ δὲ περὶ τῆς θέσεως ἅμα τοὺς λόγους ἐκ τῆς ὑπογραφῆς θεωρεῖν.
But we must contemplate the arguments concerning their position at the same time from the diagram.
γέγραπται μὲν οὖν, τοῦ μᾶλλον εὐσήμως ἔχειν, ὁ τοῦ ὁρίζοντος κύκλος· διὸ καὶ στρογγύλος.
Now, to make it more intelligible, the circle of the horizon has been drawn; and for this reason it is round.
δεῖ δὲ νοεῖν αὐτοῦ τὸ ἕτερον ἔκτμημα τὸ ὑφ᾿ ἡμῶν οἰκούμενον· ἔσται γὰρ κἀκεῖνο διελεῖν τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον.
And we must conceive of one of its two divisions, namely the one inhabited by us; for it will be possible to divide that other part too in the same way.
ὑποκείσθω δὲ πρῶτον μὲν ἐναντία κατὰ τόπον εἶναι τὰ πλεῖστον ἀπέχοντα κατὰ τόπον, ὥσπερ κατ᾿ εἶδος ἐναντία τὰ πλεῖστον ἀπέχοντα κατὰ τὸ εἶδος· πλεῖστον δ᾿ ἀπέχει κατὰ τόπον τὰ κείμενα πρὸς ἄλληλα κατὰ διάμετρον.
Let it be assumed first that things contrary in place are those which are most distant in place, just as things contrary in species are those which are most distant in species; and those situated diametrically opposite to each other are most distant in place.
ἔστω οὖν τὸ μὲν ἐφ᾿ ᾧ Α δυσμὴ ἰσημερινή, ἐναντίος δὲ τούτῳ τόπος, ἐφ᾿ οὗ τὸ Β, ἀνατολὴ ἰσημερινή· ἄλλη δὲ διάμετρος ταύτην πρὸς ὀρθὴν τέμνουσα, ἧς τὸ ἐφ᾿ οὗ H ἔστω ἄρκτος· τούτῳ δ᾿ ἐναντίον ἐξ ἐναντίας, τὸ ἐφ᾿ οὗ Θ, μεσημβρία· τὸ δ᾿ ἐφ᾿ οὗ Ζ ἀνατολὴ θερινή, τὸ δ᾿ ἐφ᾿ ᾧ Ε δυσμὴ θερινή, τὸ δ᾿ ἐφ᾿ οὗ Δ ἀνατολὴ χειμερινή, τὸ δ᾿ ἐφ᾿ οὗ Γ δυσμὴ χειμερινή.
Let, then, the point A be the equinoctial sunset, and the contrary place to this, the point B, the equinoctial sunrise; and let there be another diameter cutting this at right angles, of which the point H shall be the north, and the one contrary to this directly opposite, the point Θ, the south; and let the point Z be the summer sunrise, the point E the summer sunset, the point Δ the winter sunrise, and the point Γ the winter sunset.
ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Ζ ἤχθω διάμετρος ἐπὶ τὸ Γ, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ Δ ἐπὶ τὸ Ε. ἐπεὶ οὖν τὰ μὲν πλεῖστον ἀπέχοντα κατὰ τόπον ἐναντία κατὰ τόπον, πλεῖστον δ᾿ ἀπέχει τὰ κατὰ διάμετρον, ἀναγκαῖον καὶ τῶν πνευμάτων ταῦτα ἀλλήλοις ἐναντία εἶναι, ὅσα κατὰ διάμετρόν ἐστιν.
And let a diameter be drawn from Z to Γ, and from Δ to E. Since, then, things most distant in place are contrary in place, and those diametrically opposite are most distant, it is necessary that those winds also should be contrary to one another which are diametrically opposed.
καλεῖται δὲ κατὰ τὴν θέσιν τῶν τόπων τὰ πνεύματα ὧδε· ζέφυρος μὲν τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ Α· τοῦτο γὰρ δυσμὴ ἰσημερινή.
And the winds are named according to the position of the places as follows: Zephyrus is the wind from A; for this is the equinoctial sunset.
ἐναντίος δὲ τούτῳ ἀπηλιώτης ἀπὸ τοῦ Β· τοῦτο γὰρ ἀνατολὴ ἰσημερινή.
And contrary to this is Apeliotes from B; for this is the equinoctial sunrise.
βορέας δὲ καὶ ἀπαρκτίας ἀπὸ τοῦ Η· ἐνταῦθα γὰρ ἡ ἄρκτος.
Boreas and Aparktias are from H; for the north is there.
ἐναντίος δὲ τούτῳ νότος ἀπὸ τοῦ Θ· μεσημβρία τε γὰρ αὕτη ἀφ᾿ ἧς πνεῖ, καὶ τὸ Θ τῷ Η· ἐναντίον· κατὰ διάμετρον γάρ.
And contrary to this is Notus from Θ; for this is the south from which it blows, and Θ is contrary to H; for they are diametrically opposite.
ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Ζ καικίας· αὕτη γὰρ ἀνατολὴ θερινή.
From Z blows Kaikias; for this is the summer sunrise.
ἐναντίος δ᾿ οὐχ ὁ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ε πνέων, ἀλλ᾿ ὁ ἀπὸ τοῦ Γ λίψ· οὗτος γὰρ ἀπὸ δυσμῆς χειμερινῆς, ἐναντίος δὲ τούτῳ (κατὰ διάμετρον γὰρ κεῖται).
And the one contrary to it is not the wind blowing from E, but Lips from Γ; for this blows from the winter sunset, and is contrary to Kaikias (for it is situated diametrically opposite to it).
ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Δ εὖρος· οὗτος γὰρ ἀπ᾿ ἀνατολῆς χειμερινῆς πνεῖ, γειτνιῶν τῷ νότῳ· διὸ καὶ πολλάκις εὐρόνοτοι λέγονται πνεῖν.
From Δ blows Euros; for this blows from the winter sunrise, being neighboring to Notus; therefore they are often said to blow as Euros-Notus.
ἐναντίος δὲ τούτῳ οὐχ ὁ ἀπὸ τοῦ Γ λίψ, ἀλλ᾿ ὁ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ε, ὃν καλοῦσιν οἱ μὲν ἀργέστην, οἱ δ᾿ ὀλυμπίαν, οἱ δὲ σκίρνα· οὗτος γὰρ ἀπὸ δυσμῆς θερινῆς πνεῖ, καὶ κατὰ διάμετρον αὐτῷ κεῖται μόνος.
And contrary to this is not Lips from Γ, but the wind from E, which some call Argestes, others Olympias, and others Skirnas; for this blows from the summer sunset, and is situated diametrically opposite to it alone.
οὗτοι μὲν οὖν οἱ κατὰ διάμετρόν τε κείμενοι ἄνεμοι καὶ οἷς εἰσιν ἐναντίοι· ἕτεροι δ᾿ εἰσὶν καθ᾿ οὓς οὐκ ἔστιν ἐναντία πνεύματα.
These, then, are the winds situated diametrically opposite, and those which are contrary to them; but there are others in whose case there are no contrary winds.
ἀπὸ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ ὃν καλοῦσι θρασκίαν· οὗτος γὰρ μέσος ἀργέστου καὶ ἀπαρκτίου· ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Κ ὃν καλοῦσιν μέσην· οὗτος γὰρ μέσος καικίου καὶ ἀπαρκτίου.
For from [I] blows the wind which they call Thrakias; for this is between Argestes and Aparktias; and from K, the one they call Meses; for this is between Kaikias and Aparktias.
ἡ δὲ τοῦ ΙΚ διάμετρος βούλεται μὲν κατὰ τὸν διὰ παντὸς εἶναι φαινόμενον, οὐκ ἀκριβοῖ δέ.
The line IK is intended to be along the ever-visible circle, but it is not accurate.
ἐναντία δὲ τούτοις οὐκ ἔστι τοῖς πνεύμασιν, οὔτε τῷ μέσῃ (ἔπνει γὰρ ἄν τις ἐφ᾿ οὗ τὸ Μ· τοῦτο γὰρ κατὰ διάμετρον) οὔτε τῷ I, τῷ θρασκίᾳ (ἔπνει γὰρ ἂν ἀπὸ τοῦ Ν· τοῦτο γὰρ κατὰ διάμετρον τὸ σημεῖον, εἰ μὴ ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπ᾿ ὀλίγον πνεῖ τις ἄνεμος, ὃν καλοῦσιν οἱ περὶ τὸν τόπον ἐκεῖνον φοινικίαν).
And there are no contrary winds to these, neither to Meses (for then some wind would blow from the point M; for this is diametrically opposite), nor to I, namely Thrakias (for then it would blow from N; for this point is diametrically opposite, unless from it also some wind blows for a short time, which the people around that region call Phoinikias).
τὰ μὲν οὖν κυριώτατα καὶ διωρισμένα πνεύματα ταῦτ᾿ ἐστὶ καὶ τοῦτον τέτακται τὸν τρόπον·
These, then, are the most principal and defined winds, and they are ordered in this way.
τοῦ δ᾿ εἶναι πλείους ἀνέμους ἀπὸ τῶν πρὸς ἄρκτον τόπων ἢ τῶν πρὸς μεσημβρίαν αἴτιον τό τε τὴν οἰκουμένην ὑποκεῖσθαι πρὸς τοῦτον τὸν τόπον, καὶ ὅτι πολλῷ πλέον ὕδωρ καὶ χιὼν ἀπωθεῖται εἰς τοῦτο τὸ μέρος διὰ τὸ ἐκεῖνα ὑπὸ τὸν ἥλιον εἶναι καὶ τὴν ἐκείνου φοράν, ὧν τηκομένων εἰς τὴν γῆν καὶ θερμαινομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τῆς γῆς ἀναγκαῖον πλείω καὶ ἐπὶ πλείω τόπον γίγνεσθαι τὴν ἀναθυμίασιν διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν.
And the cause of there being more winds from the northern regions than from the southern is both that the inhabited world lies towards this region, and that much more water and snow are pushed into this part because those regions are under the sun and its course; and when these melt into the earth and are heated by the sun and the earth, it is necessary that the exhalation should become greater and over a wider region for this cause.