§1.6#16 περὶ δὲ τῶν κομητῶν καὶ τοῦ καλουμένου γάλακτος λέγωμεν, διαπορήσαντες πρὸς τὰ παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων εἰρημένα πρῶτον.
6 Let us speak about comets and the so-called milky way, first discussing the difficulties in what has been said by others.
Ἀναξαγόρας μὲν οὖν καὶ Δημόκριτός φασιν εἶναι τοὺς κομήτας σύμφασιν τῶν πλανήτων ἀστέρων, ὅταν διὰ τὸ πλησίον ἐλθεῖν δόξωσι θιγγάνειν ἀλλήλων.
Anaxagoras and Democritus say that comets are a conjunction of the planets, when they appear to touch one another because of coming near to each other.
τῶν δʼ Ἰταλικῶν τινες καλουμένων Πυθαγορείων ἕνα λέγουσιν αὐτὸν εἶναι τῶν πλανήτων ἀστέρων, ἀλλὰ διὰ πολλοῦ τε χρόνου τὴν φαντασίαν αὐτοῦ εἶναι καὶ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν ἐπὶ μικρόν, ὅπερ συμβαίνει καὶ περὶ τὸν τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ ἀστέρα·
Certain of the Italian thinkers, called Pythagoreans, say that it is one of the planets, but that its appearance occurs after a long time and its rise above the horizon is only for a short time, which also happens in the case of the star of Hermes (Mercury).
διὰ γὰρ τὸ μικρὸν ἐπαναβαίνειν πολλὰς ἐκλείπει φάσεις, ὥστε διὰ χρόνου φαίνεσθαι πολλοῦ, παραπλησίως δὲ τούτοις καὶ οἱ περὶ Ἱπποκράτην τὸν Χῖον καὶ τὸν μαθητὴν αὐτοῦ Αἰσχύλον ἀπεφήναντο, πλὴν τήν γε κόμην οὐκ ἐξ αὑτοῦ φασιν ἔχειν, ἀλλὰ πλανώμενον διὰ τὸν τόπον ἐνίοτε λαμβάνειν ἀνακλωμένης τῆς ἡμετέρας ὄψεως ἀπὸ τῆς ἑλκομένης ὑγρότητος ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον.
For because it rises only slightly, it misses many appearances, so that it is seen only after a long time. In a similar way to these, Hippocrates of Chios and his pupil Aeschylus also declared, except that they say it does not have the tail from itself, but that in its wandering through space it sometimes acquires it when our sight is reflected from the moisture drawn by the comet towards the sun.
διὰ δὲ τὸ ὑπολείπεσθαι βραδύτατα τῷ χρόνῳ διὰ πλείστου χρόνου φαίνεσθαι τῶν ἄλλων ἄστρων, ὡς ὅταν ἐκ ταὐτοῦ φανῇ ὑπολελειμμένον ὅλον τὸν ἑαυτοῦ κύκλον· ὑπολείπεσθαι δʼ αὐτὸν καὶ πρὸς ἄρκτον καὶ πρὸς νότον.
And because it falls behind most slowly in time, it appears after the longest interval of the other stars, as when it appears from the same place having fallen behind by its entire circle; and they say it falls behind both towards the north and towards the south.
ἐν μὲν οὖν τῷ μεταξὺ τόπῳ τῶν τροπικῶν οὐχ ἕλκειν τὸ ὕδωρ πρὸς ἑαυτὸν διὰ τὸ κεκαῦσθαι ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ ἡλίου φορᾶς·
Now in the region between the tropics, it does not draw water to itself because that region is burnt up by the motion of the sun.
πρὸς δὲ νότον ὅταν φέρηται, δαψίλειαν μὲν ἔχειν τῆς τοιαύτης νοτίδος, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ μικρὸν εἶναι τὸ ὑπὲρ τῆς γῆς τμῆμα τοῦ κύκλου, τὸ δὲ κάτω πολλαπλάσιον, οὐ δύνασθαι τὴν ὄψιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων φέρεσθαι κλωμένην πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον οὔτε τῷ τροπικῷ τόπῳ πλησιάζοντος οὔτʼ ἐπὶ θεριναῖς τροπαῖς ὄντος τοῦ ἡλου·
But when it is carried towards the south, it has plenty of such moisture; but because the segment of its circle above the earth is small, while that below is many times larger, the sight of men cannot be reflected to the sun, neither when the comet is near the tropical region, nor when the sun is at the summer solstice.
διόπερ ἐν τούτοις μὲν τοῖς τόποις οὐ γίγνεσθαι κομήτην αὐτόν·
Therefore, in these regions, it does not become a comet.
ὅταν δὲ πρὸς βορέαν ὑπολειφθεὶς τύχῃ, λαμβάνειν κόμην διὰ τὸ μεγάλην εἶναι τὴν περιφέρειαν τὴν ἄνωθεν τοῦ ὁρίζοντος, τὸ δὲ κάτω μέρος τοῦ κύκλου μικρόν· ῥᾳδίως γὰρ τὴν ὄψιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀφικνεῖσθαι τότε πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον.
But when it happens to fall behind towards the north, it acquires a tail, because the arc above the horizon is large, while the lower part of the circle is small; for then the sight of men easily reaches the sun.
πᾶσιν δὲ τούτοις τὰ μὲν κοινῇ συμπίπτει λέγειν ἀδύνατα, τὰ δὲ χωρίς.
To all of these thinkers, some of the things they say turn out to be impossible in common, and others individually.
πρῶτον μὲν οὖν τοῖς λέγουσιν ὅτι τῶν πλανωμένων ἐστὶν εἰς ἀστέρων ὁ κομήτης· οἱ γὰρ πλανώμενοι πάντες ἐν τῷ κύκλῳ ὑπολείπονται τῷ τῶν ζῳδίων, κομῆται δὲ πολλοὶ ἑωραμένοι εἰσὶν ἔξω τοῦ κύκλου.
First of all, to those who say that the comet is one of the wandering stars (planets): for all the wandering stars fall behind in the circle of the zodiac, but many comets have been seen outside this circle.
εἶτα καὶ πλείους ἑνὸς ἄμα γεγένηνται πολλάκις.
Secondly, more than one have often appeared at the same time.
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις, εἰ διὰ τὴν ἀνάκλασιν τὴν κόμην ἴσχουσι, καθάπερ φησὶν Αἰσχύλος καὶ Ἱπποκράτης, ἔδει ποτὲ φαίνεσθαι καὶ ἄνευ κόμης τὸν ἀστέρα τοῦτον, ἐπειδήπερ ὑπολείπεται μὲν καὶ εἰς ἄλλους τόπους, τὴν δὲ κόμην ἴσχει οὐ πανταχοῦ·
Moreover, if they have their tail because of reflection, as Aeschylus and Hippocrates say, this star ought sometimes to appear without a tail, since it falls behind into other regions as well, and does not have the tail everywhere.
νῦν δʼ οὐδεὶς ὦπται παρὰ τοὺς πέντε ἀστέρας· οὗτοι δὲ πολλάκις ἅμμα πάντες μετέωροι φαίνονται ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὁρίζοντος.
But as it is, no other star has been seen except the five planets; and these often appear all at the same time high above the horizon.