§1.14#114 οὐκ αἰεὶ δ᾿ οἱ αὐτοὶ τόποι τῆς γῆς οὔτ᾿ ἔνυγροί εἰσιν οὔτε ξηροί, ἀλλὰ μεταβάλλουσιν κατὰ τὰς τῶν ποταμῶν γενέσεις καὶ τὰς ἀπολείψεις·
14 The same places of the earth are not always wet or dry, but they change according to the generation of rivers and their failure.
διὸ καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν ἤπειρον μεταβάλλει καὶ τὴν θάλατταν, καὶ οὐκ αἰεὶ τὰ μὲν γῆ τὰ δὲ θάλαττα διατελεῖ πάντα τὸν χρόνον, ἀλλὰ γίγνεται θάλαττα μὲν ὅπου χέρσος, ἔνθα δὲ νῦν θάλαττα, πάλιν ἐνταῦθα γῆ.
Therefore, the affairs of the continent and the sea also change, and the same parts do not always continue to be land and others sea for all time, but sea comes to be where there was dry land, and where there is now sea, there again comes to be land.
κατὰ μέντοι τινὰ τάξιν νομίζειν χρὴ ταῦτα γίγνεσθαι καὶ περίοδον.
However, we must think that these things happen according to a certain order and period.
ἀρχὴ δὲ τούτων καὶ αἴτιον ὅτι καὶ τῆς γῆς τὰ ἐντός, ὥσπερ τὰ σώματα τῶν φυτῶν καὶ ζῴων, ἀκμὴν ἔχει καὶ γῆρας.
The principle and cause of these is that the interior of the earth, just like the bodies of plants and animals, has its prime and old age.
πλὴν ἐκείνοις μὲν οὐ κατὰ μέρος ταῦτα συμβαίνει πάσχειν, ἀλλ᾿ ἅμα πᾶν ἀκμάζειν καὶ φθίνειν ἀναγκαῖον· τῇ δὲ γῇ τοῦτο γίγνεται κατὰ μέρος διὰ ψύξιν καὶ θερμότητα.
Except that to those indeed it does not happen to suffer these things in part, but it is necessary that the whole together should flourish and decay; whereas to the earth this happens in part because of cold and heat.
ταῦτα μὲν οὖν αὔξεται καὶ φθίνει διὰ τὸν ἥλιον καὶ τὴν περιφοράν, διὰ δὲ ταῦτα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τὰ μέρη τῆς γῆς λαμβάνει διαφέρουσαν, ὥστε μέχρι τινὸς ἔνυδρα δύναται διαμένειν, εἶτα ξηραίνεται καὶ γηράσκει πάλιν· ἕτεροι δὲ τόποι βιώσκονται καὶ ἔνυδροι γίγνονται κατὰ μέρος.
These indeed increase and decay because of the sun and its revolution; and because of these, the parts of the earth also receive different power, so that they can remain wet up to a certain point, then they dry up and grow old again; while other places are restored to life and become wet in part.
ἀνάγκη δὲ τῶν μὲν τόπων γιγνομένων ξηροτέρων τὰς πηγὰς ἀφανίζεσθαι, τούτων δὲ συμβαινόντων τοὺς ποταμοὺς πρῶτον μὲν ἐκ μεγάλων μικρούς, εἶτα τέλος γίγνεσθαι ξηρούς, τῶν δὲ ποταμῶν μεθισταμένων καὶ ἔνθεν μὲν ἀφανιζομένων ἐν ἄλλοις δ᾿ ἀνάλογον γιγνομένων μεταβάλλειν τὴν θάλατταν·
And it is necessary that as the places become drier the sources disappear, and when these things happen, the rivers first from being great become small, then finally become dry.
ὅπου μὲν γὰρ ἐξωθουμένη ὑπὸ τῶν ποταμῶν ἐπλεόναζεν, ἀπιοῦσαν ξηρὰν ποιεῖν ἀναγκαῖον, ὅπου δὲ τοῖς ῥεύμασιν πληθύουσα ἐξηραίνετο προσχουμένη, πάλιν ἐνταῦθα λιμνάζειν.
And when the rivers shift and disappear from one place but are generated analogously in others, the sea changes; for where being pushed out by the rivers it was overflowing, it must, on departing, make it dry land; and where overflowing with the streams it was dried up by silt being deposited, it there again becomes a lake.
ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ γίγνεσθαι πᾶσαν τὴν φυσικὴν περὶ τὴν γῆν γένεσιν ἐκ προσαγωγῆς καὶ ἐν χρόνοις παμμήκεσι πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν ζωήν, λανθάνει ταῦτα γιγνόμενα, καὶ πρότερον ὅλων τῶν ἐθνῶν ἀπώλειαι γίγνονται καὶ φθοραὶ πρὶν μνημονευθῆναι τὴν τούτων μεταβολὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἰς τέλος.
But because all natural generation about the earth happens gradually and in times which are immense in comparison with our life, these things happen unobserved, and destructions and ruins of entire nations occur before the change of these from beginning to end is remembered.
μέγισται μὲν οὖν φθοραὶ γίγνονται καὶ τάχισται ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις, ἄλλαι δὲ νόσοις, αἱ δὲ ἀφορίαις, καὶ ταύταις αἱ μὲν μεγάλαι αἱ δὲ κατὰ μικρόν, ὥστε λανθάνουσι τῶν γε τοιούτων ἐθνῶν καὶ αἱ μεταναστάσεις διὰ τὸ τοὺς μὲν λείπειν τὰς χώρας, τοὺς δὲ ὑπομένειν μέχρι τούτου μέχριπερ ἂν μηκέτι δύνηται τρέφειν ἡ χώρα πλῆθος μηδέν.
Now the greatest and quickest destructions happen in wars, others by diseases, and others by famines; and of these, some are great and others gradual, so that even the migrations of such nations go unobserved because some leave their countries, while others remain until the country can no longer support any population at all.
ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης οὖν ἀπολείψεως εἰς τὴν ὑστέραν εἰκὸς γίγνεσθαι μακροὺς χρόνους, ὥστε μηδένα μνημονεύειν, ἀλλὰ σῳζομένων ἔτι τῶν ὑπομενόντων ἐπιλελῆσθαι διὰ χρόνου πλῆθος.
From the first departure, therefore, to the last, it is likely that long times intervene, so that no one remembers, but though those who remain are still preserved, they have forgotten because of the length of time.
τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον χρὴ νομίζειν καὶ τοὺς κατοικισμοὺς λανθάνειν πότε πρῶτον ἐγένοντο τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἑκάστοις εἰς τὰ μεταβάλλοντα καὶ γιγνόμενα ξηρὰ ἐξ ἑλωδῶν καὶ ἐνύδρων· καὶ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα κατὰ μικρὸν ἐν πολλῷ γίγνεται χρόνῳ ἡ ἐπίδοσις, ὥστε μὴ μνημονεύειν τίνες πρῶτοι καὶ πότε καὶ πῶς ἐχόντων ἦλθον τῶν τόπων, οἷον συμβέβηκεν καὶ τὰ περὶ Αἴγυπτον· καὶ γὰρ οὗτος ἀεὶ ξηρότερος ὁ τόπος φαίνεται γιγνόμενος καὶ πᾶσα ἡ χώρα τοῦ ποταμοῦ πρόσχωσις οὖσα τοῦ Νείλου, διὰ δὲ τὸ κατὰ μικρὸν ξηραινομένων τῶν ἑλῶν τοὺς πλησίον εἰσοικίζεσθαι τὸ τοῦ χρόνου μῆκος ἀφῄρηται τὴν ἀρχήν.
In the same way we must think that settlements also go unobserved as to when they first occurred to each of the nations in the places which are changing and becoming dry from being marshy and wet; for here also the progress happens gradually in a long time, so that they do not remember who came first, when, and in what state the places were, as has also happened in the case of Egypt; for this place also always appears to be becoming drier, and all the country is an alluvial deposit of the river Nile. But because the marshes dried up gradually and the neighbors moved in, the length of time has taken away the memory of the beginning.
φαίνεται οὖν καὶ τὰ στόματα πάντα, πλὴν ἑνὸς τοῦ Κανωβικοῦ, χειροποίητα καὶ οὐ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ὄντα, καὶ τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἡ Αἴγυπτος Θῆβαι καλούμεναι.
Therefore all the mouths, except one, the Canopic, appear to be artificial and not belonging to the river, and in ancient times Egypt was called Thebes.
δηλοῖ δὲ καὶ Ὁμηρος, οὕτως πρόσφατος ὢν ὡς εἰπεῖν πρὸς τὰς τοιαύτας μεταβολάς· ἐκείνου γὰρ τοῦ τόπου ποιεῖται μνείαν ὡς οὔπω Μέμφιος οὔσης ἢ ὅλως ἢ οὐ τηλικαύτης. τοῦτο δ᾿ εἰκὸς οὕτω συμβαίνειν·
This is also shown by Homer, who was, so to speak, so recent in comparison with such changes; for he makes mention of that place as if Memphis did not yet exist, either at all or not of such size.
οἱ γὰρ κάτωθεν τόποι τῶν ἄνωθεν ὕστερον ᾠκίσθησαν· ἑλώδεις γὰρ ἐπὶ πλείω χρόνον ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι τοὺς ἐγγύτερον τῆς προσχώσεως διὰ τὸ λιμνάζειν ἐν τοῖς ἐσχάτοις ἀεὶ μᾶλλον.
And this is likely to happen in this way; for the lower places were settled later than those above; for it is necessary that those nearer to the alluvial deposit should be marshy for a longer time, because of water always collecting more in the furthest parts.
μεταβάλλει δὲ τοῦτο καὶ πάλιν εὐθενεῖ· ξηραινόμενοι γὰρ οἱ τόποι ἔρχονται εἰς τὸ καλῶς ἔχειν, οἱ δὲ πρότερον εὐκραεῖς ὑπερξηραινόμενοί ποτε γίγνονται χείρους.
But this changes and in turn flourishes; for as they dry up, the places come to be in a good condition, while those which were previously temperate, becoming excessively dry, at some time become worse.
ὅπερ συμβέβηκε τῆς Ἑλλάδος καὶ περὶ τὴν Ἀργείων καὶ Μυκηναίων χώραν· ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ τῶν Τρωικῶν ἡ μὲν Ἀργεία διὰ τὸ ἑλώδης εἶναι ὀλίγους ἐδύνατο τρέφειν, ἡ δὲ Μυκηναία καλῶς εἶχεν (διὸ ἐντιμοτέρα ἦν), νῦν δὲ τοὐναντίον διὰ τὴν προειρημένην αἰτίαν· ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἀργὴ γέγονεν καὶ ξηρὰ πάμπαν, τῆς δὲ τὰ τότε διὰ τὸ λιμνάζειν ἀργὰ νῦν χρήσιμα γέγονεν.
This is what has happened to Greece, both around the country of the Argives and the Mycenaeans; for in the Trojan times the Argive country, because of being marshy, could support only a few, while the Mycenaean was in a good condition (wherefore it was more highly esteemed), but now the contrary is the case because of the aforementioned cause; for the latter has become barren and entirely dry, while the parts of the former which were then barren because of water collecting have now become useful.
ὥσπερ οὖν ἐπὶ τούτου τοῦ τόπου συμβέβηκεν ὄντος μικροῦ, ταὐτὸ δεῖ νομίζειν τοῦτο συμβαίνειν καὶ περὶ μεγάλους τόπους καὶ χώρας ὅλας.
Just as, therefore, this has happened in this place which is small, we must think that this same thing happens also about great places and entire countries.
οἱ μὲν οὖν βλέποντες ἐπὶ μικρὸν αἰτίαν οἴονται τῶν τοιούτων εἶναι παθημάτων τὴν τοῦ ὅλου μεταβολὴν ὡς γιγνομένου τοῦ οὐρανοῦ· διὸ καὶ τὴν θάλατταν ἐλάττω γίγνεσθαί φασιν ὡς ξηραινομένην, ὅτι πλείους φαίνονται τόποι τοῦτο πεπονθότες νῦν ἢ πρότερον.
Those indeed who look at a small part think that the cause of such experiences is the change of the whole, as if the heaven were undergoing generation; wherefore they also say that the sea is becoming smaller, as if drying up, because more places appear to have suffered this now than before.
ἔστιν δὲ τούτων τὸ μὲν ἀληθὲς τὸ δ᾿ οὐκ ἀληθές· πλείους μὲν γάρ εἰσιν οἱ πρότερον ἔνυδροι νῦν δὲ χερσεύοντες, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὐναντίον· πολλαχῇ γὰρ σκοποῦντες εὑρήσουσιν ἐπεληλυθυῖαν τὴν θάλατταν.
But of these things, one part is true and another not true; for indeed those places which were previously wet and are now dry land are more numerous, but not but what the contrary is also true; for if they look in many places, they will find that the sea has encroached.