§6.2#1ἀλλʼ ἐπεὶ τὸ ὂν τὸ ἁπλῶς λεγόμενον λέγεται πολλαχῶς, ὧν ἓν μὲν ἦν τὸ κατὰ συμβεβηκός, ἕτερον δὲ τὸ ὡς ἀληθές, καὶ τὸ μὴ ὂν ὡς τὸ ψεῦδος, παρὰ ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶ τὰ σχήματα τῆς κατηγορίας (οἷον τὸ μὲν τί, τὸ δὲ ποιόν, τὸ δὲ ποσόν, τὸ δὲ πού, τὸ δὲ ποτέ, καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο σημαίνει τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον), ἔτι παρὰ ταῦτα πάντα τὸ δυνάμει καὶ ἐνεργείᾳ· —ἐπεὶ δὴ πολλαχῶς λέγεται τὸ ὄν, πρῶτον περὶ τοῦ κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς λεκτέον, ὅτι οὐδεμία ἐστὶ περὶ αὐτὸ θεωρία.
But since being, spoken of simply, is spoken of in many ways, of which one was the accidental, and another being as true (and non-being as false), and besides these there are the figures of the categories (such as the 'what', the 'quality', the 'quantity', the 'where', the 'when', and if anything else signifies in this manner), and further besides all these there is that which is in potentiality and in actuality;—since, then, being is spoken of in many ways, we must first speak about the accidental, that there is no contemplation about it.
σημεῖον δέ· οὐδεμιᾷ γὰρ ἐπιστήμῃ ἐπιμελὲς περὶ αὐτοῦ οὔτε πρακτικῇ οὔτε ποιητικῇ οὔτε θεωρητικῇ.
And this is a sign: for no science, whether practical or productive or theoretical, busies itself with it.
οὔτε γὰρ ὁ ποιῶν οἰκίαν ποιεῖ ὅσα συμβαίνει ἅμα τῇ οἰκίᾳ γιγνομένῃ (ἄπειρα γάρ ἐστιν· τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἡδεῖαν τοῖς δὲ βλαβερὰν τοῖς δʼ ὠφέλιμον οὐθὲν εἶναι κωλύει τὴν ποιηθεῖσαν, καὶ ἑτέραν ὡς εἰπεῖν πάντων τῶν ὄντων· ὧν οὐθενός ἐστιν ἡ οἰκοδομικὴ ποιητικἤ, τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον οὐδʼ ὁ γεωμέτρης θεωρεῖ τὰ οὕτω συμβεβηκότα τοῖς σχήμασιν, οὐδʼ εἰ ἕτερόν ἐστι τρίγωνον καὶ τρίγωνον δύο ὀρθὰς ἔχον.
For neither does the builder of a house make all the things that happen together with the house as it is being built (for these are infinite; for nothing prevents the built house from being pleasant to some, harmful to others, and beneficial to others, and, so to speak, different from all existing things, of none of which the art of building is productive); in the same way, neither does the geometer contemplate the things that are thus accidental to figures, nor whether a 'triangle' is different from a 'triangle having two right angles'.
καὶ τοῦτʼ εὐλόγως συμπίπτει· ὥσπερ γὰρ ὄνομά τι μόνον τὸ συμβεβηκός ἐστιν.
And this happens reasonably; for the accidental is, as it were, only a name.
διὸ Πλάτων τρόπον τινὰ οὐ κακῶς τὴν σοφιστικὴν περὶ τὸ μὴ ὂν ἔταξεν.
Therefore Plato in a way was not wrong in placing sophistic about non-being.
εἰσὶ γὰρ οἱ τῶν σοφιστῶν λόγοι περὶ τὸ συμβεβηκὸς ὡς εἰπεῖν μάλιστα πάντων, πότερον ἕτερον ἢ ταὐτὸν μουσικὸν καὶ γραμματικόν, καὶ μουσικὸς Κορίσκος καὶ Κορίσκος, καὶ εἰ πᾶν ὃ ἂν ᾖ, μὴ ἀεὶ δέ, γέγονεν, ὥστʼ εἰ μουσικὸς ὢν γραμματικὸς γέγονε, καὶ γραμματικὸς ὢν μουσικός, καὶ ὅσοι δὴ ἄλλοι τοιοῦτοι τῶν λόγων εἰσίν· φαίνεται γὰρ τὸ συμβεβηκὸς ἐγγύς τι τοῦ μὴ ὄντος.
For the arguments of the sophists are, so to speak, most of all about the accidental: whether 'musical' and 'grammatical' are different or the same, and 'musical Coriscus' and 'Coriscus', and whether everything that is, but not always, has come to be, so that if being musical one has become grammatical, and being grammatical musical, and however many other such arguments there are; for the accidental seems to be something close to non-being.
δῆλον δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων λόγων· τῶν μὲν γὰρ ἄλλον τρόπον ὄντων ἔστι γένεσις καὶ φθορά, τῶν δὲ κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς οὐκ ἔστιν.
And this is clear also from such arguments: for of things that exist in another way there is generation and destruction, but of those that are accidental there is not.
ἀλλʼ ὅμως λεκτέον ἔτι περὶ τοῦ συμβεβηκότος ἐφʼ ὅσον ἐνδέχεται, τίς ἡ φύσις αὐτοῦ καὶ διὰ τίνʼ αἰτίαν ἔστιν· ἅμα γὰρ δῆλον ἴσως ἔσται καὶ διὰ τί ἐπιστήμη οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῦ.
But nevertheless we must still speak about the accidental as far as possible, what its nature is and through what cause it exists; for at the same time it will perhaps also be clear why there is no science of it.
—ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐστὶν ἐν τοῖς οὖσι τὰ μὲν ἀεὶ ὡσαύτως ἔχοντα καὶ ἐξ ἀνάγκης, οὐ τῆς κατὰ τὸ βίαιον λεγομένης ἀλλʼ ἣν λέγομεν τῷ μὴ ἐνδέχεσθαι ἄλλως, τὰ δʼ ἐξ ἀνάγκης μὲν οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδʼ ἀεί, ὡς δʼ ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ, αὕτη ἀρχὴ καὶ αὕτη αἰτία ἐστὶ τοῦ εἶναι τὸ συμβεβηκός·
Since, then, there are among existing things some that are always in the same state and of necessity (not that necessity which is spoken of as violent, but that which we say because it cannot be otherwise), and others that are nor of necessity nor always, but for the most part, this is the principle and this is the cause of the existence of the accidental;