§5.3στοιχεῖον λέγεται ἐξ οὗ σύγκειται πρώτου ἐνυπάρχοντος ἀδιαιρέτου τῷ εἴδει εἰς ἕτερον εἶδος, οἷον φωνῆς στοιχεῖα ἐξ ὧν σύγκειται ἡ φωνὴ καὶ εἰς ἃ διαιρεῖται ἔσχατα, ἐκεῖνα δὲ μηκέτʼ εἰς ἄλλας φωνὰς ἑτέρας τῷ εἴδει αὐτῶν, ἀλλὰ κἂν διαιρῆται, τὰ μόρια ὁμοειδῆ, οἷον ὕδατος τὸ μόριον ὕδωρ, ἀλλʼ οὐ τῆς συλλαβῆς.
An element is said to be that from which a thing is first composed, which is immanent in it, and is indivisible in species into another species; for example, the elements of a voice are those things from which the voice is composed and into which it is ultimately divided, while they themselves are no longer divided into other voices different in species from them; but even if they are divided, their parts are of the same species, as a part of water is water, but a part of a syllable is not a syllable.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ τῶν σωμάτων στοιχεῖα λέγουσιν οἱ λέγοντες εἰς ἃ διαιρεῖται τὰ σώματα ἔσχατα, ἐκεῖνα δὲ μηκέτʼ εἰς ἄλλα εἴδει διαφέροντα· καὶ εἴτε ἓν εἴτε πλείω τὰ τοιαῦτα, ταῦτα στοιχεῖα λέγουσιν.
Similarly, those who speak of the elements of bodies mean the things into which bodies are ultimately divided, while they themselves are no longer divided into other things differing in species; and whether such things are one or more, they call these elements.
παραπλησίως δὲ καὶ τὰ τῶν διαγραμμάτων στοιχεῖα λέγεται, καὶ ὅλως τὰ τῶν ἀποδείξεων· αἱ γὰρ πρῶται ἀποδείξεις καὶ ἐν πλείοσιν ἀποδείξεσιν ἐνυπάρχουσαι, αὗται στοιχεῖα τῶν ἀποδείξεων λέγονται· εἰσὶ δὲ τοιοῦτοι συλλογισμοὶ οἱ πρῶτοι ἐκ τῶν τριῶν διʼ ἑνὸς μέσου.
In a similar way, the elements of geometrical diagrams are spoken of, and in general those of demonstrations; for the first demonstrations, which are immanent in several demonstrations, these are called elements of demonstrations; and such are the primary syllogisms consisting of three terms through one middle term.
καὶ μεταφέροντες δὲ στοιχεῖον καλοῦσιν ἐντεῦθεν ὃ ἂν ἓν ὂν καὶ μικρὸν ἐπὶ πολλὰ ᾖ χρήσιμον, διὸ καὶ τὸ μικρὸν καὶ ἁπλοῦν καὶ ἀδιαίρετον στοιχεῖον λέγεται.
People also transfer the term and call 'element' that which, being one and small, is useful for many purposes; wherefore the small and simple and indivisible is also called an element.
ὅθεν ἐλήλυθε τὰ μάλιστα καθόλου στοιχεῖα εἶναι, ὅτι ἕκαστον αὐτῶν ἓν ὂν καὶ ἁπλοῦν ἐν πολλοῖς ὑπάρχει ἢ πᾶσιν ἢ ὅτι πλείστοις, καὶ τὸ ἓν καὶ τὴν στιγμὴν ἀρχάς τισι δοκεῖν εἶναι.
From this has arisen the view that the most universal things are elements, because each of them, being one and simple, is present in many things—either in all or in as many as possible—and that the one and the point seem to some to be principles.
ἐπεὶ οὖν τὰ καλούμενα γένη καθόλου καὶ ἀδιαίρετα (οὐ γὰρ ἔστι λόγος αὐτῶν), στοιχεῖα τὰ γένη λέγουσί τινες, καὶ μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν διαφορὰν ὅτι καθόλου μᾶλλον τὸ γένος· ᾧ μὲν γὰρ ἡ διαφορὰ ὑπάρχει, καὶ τὸ γένος ἀκολουθεῖ, ᾧ δὲ τὸ γένος, οὐ παντὶ ἡ διαφορά.
Since, then, the so-called genera are universal and indivisible (for there is no definition of them), some call the genera elements, and more so than the difference, because the genus is more universal; for that to which the difference belongs, the genus also follows, but the difference does not belong to everything to which the genus belongs.
ἁπάντων δὲ κοινὸν τὸ εἶναι στοιχεῖον ἑκάστου τὸ πρῶτον ἐνυπάρχον ἑκάστῳ.
But the common feature in all these senses is that the element of each thing is the first immanent constituent in each.
§5.4φύσις λέγεται ἕνα μὲν τρόπον ἡ τῶν φυομένων γένεσις, οἷον εἴ τις ἐπεκτείνας λέγοι τὸ υ, ἕνα δὲ ἐξ οὗ φύεται πρώτου τὸ φυόμενον ἐνυπάρχοντος· ἔτι ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις ἡ πρώτη ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῶν φύσει ὄντων ἐν αὐτῷ ᾗ αὐτὸ ὑπάρχει·
Nature is spoken of, in one way, as the generation of growing things, as if one were to lengthen the 'u'; and in another way, as that from which a growing thing first grows, which is immanent in it; and further, as the source from which the primary motion in each of the things that exist by nature is present in it in virtue of its own self.
φύεσθαι δὲ λέγεται ὅσα αὔξησιν ἔχει διʼ ἑτέρου τῷ ἅπτεσθαι καὶ συμπεφυκέναι ἢ προσπεφυκέναι ὥσπερ τὰ ἔμβρυα·
And those things are said to grow which have their increase through something else by contact and by growing together or growing upon, like embryos.
διαφέρει δὲ σύμφυσις ἁφῆς, ἔνθα μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲν παρὰ τὴν ἁφὴν ἕτερον ἀνάγκη εἶναι, ἐν δὲ τοῖς συμπεφυκόσιν ἔστι τι ἓν τὸ αὐτὸ ἐν ἀμφοῖν ὃ ποιεῖ ἀντὶ τοῦ ἅπτεσθαι συμπεφυκέναι καὶ εἶναι ἓν κατὰ τὸ συνεχὲς καὶ ποσόν, ἀλλὰ μὴ κατὰ τὸ ποιόν.
But growing together (coalescence) differs from contact; for in the latter there is no need for anything other than contact, but in things that have grown together there is some one and the same thing in both which, instead of mere contact, makes them grow together and be one in respect of continuity and quantity, though not of quality.
ἔτι δὲ φύσις λέγεται ἐξ οὗ πρώτου ἢ ἔστιν ἢ γίγνεταί τι τῶν φύσει ὄντων, ἀρρυθμίστου ὄντος καὶ ἀμεταβλήτου ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως τῆς αὑτοῦ, οἷον ἀνδριάντος καὶ τῶν σκευῶν τῶν χαλκῶν ὁ χαλκὸς ἡ φύσις λέγεται, τῶν δὲ ξυλίνων ξύλον· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων· ἐκ τούτων γάρ ἐστιν ἕκαστον διασωζομένης τῆς πρώτης ὕλης· τοῦτον γὰρ τὸν τρόπον καὶ τῶν φύσει ὄντων τὰ στοιχεῖά φασιν εἶναι φύσιν, οἱ μὲν πῦρ οἱ δὲ γῆν οἱ δʼ ἀέρα οἱ δʼ ὕδωρ οἱ δʼ ἄλλο τι τοιοῦτον λέγοντες, οἱ δʼ ἔνια τούτων οἱ δὲ πάντα ταῦτα.
Further, nature is spoken of as that from which first any of the things that exist by nature is or becomes, it being unformed and unchangeable from its own potentiality; for example, bronze is said to be the nature of a statue and of bronze vessels, and wood of wooden ones, and likewise in other cases; for each of these things is made of these materials while the primary matter is preserved; for it is in this way that people say the elements of natural things are their nature, some calling it fire, some earth, some air, some water, some some other such thing, some some of these, and others all of them.
ἔτι δʼ ἄλλον τρόπον λέγεται ἡ φύσις ἡ τῶν φύσει ὄντων οὐσία, οἷον οἱ λέγοντες τὴν φύσιν εἶναι τὴν πρώτην σύνθεσιν, ἢ ὥσπερ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς λέγει ὅτι
"
φύσις οὐδενὸς ἔστιν ἐόντων,
ἀλλὰ μόνον μῖξίς τε διάλλαξίς τε μιγέντων
ἔστι, φύσις δʼ ἐπὶ τοῖς ὀνομάζεται ἀνθρώποισιν. "
διὸ καὶ ὅσα φύσει ἔστιν ἢ γίγνεται, ἤδη ὑπάρχοντος ἐξ οὗ πέφυκε γίγνεσθαι ἢ εἶναι, οὔπω φαμὲν τὴν φύσιν ἔχειν ἐὰν μὴ ἔχῃ τὸ εἶδος καὶ τὴν μορφήν.
Further, in another way, nature is spoken of as the substance of things that exist by nature, as those say who say that nature is the primary composition, or as Empedocles says: "No nature exists of any of the things that are, but only mixing and separation of what is mixed, and nature is only a name given to them by men." Therefore, also of the things that exist or come to be by nature, though that from which they naturally come to be or exist is already present, we say they do not yet have their nature if they do not have the form and shape.
φύσει μὲν οὖν τὸ ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων τούτων ἐστίν, οἷον τὰ ζῷα καὶ τὰ μόρια αὐτῶν· φύσις δὲ ἥ τε πρώτη ὕλη (καὶ αὕτη διχῶς, ἢ ἡ πρὸς αὐτὸ πρώτη ἢ ἡ ὅλως πρώτη, οἷον τῶν χαλκῶν ἔργων πρὸς αὐτὰ μὲν πρῶτος ὁ χαλκός, ὅλως δʼ ἴσως ὕδωρ, εἰ πάντα τὰ τηκτὰ ὕδωρ) καὶ τὸ εἶδος καὶ ἡ οὐσία· τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ τέλος τῆς γενέσεως.
What consists of both of these is by nature, for example, animals and their parts; and nature is the primary matter (and this in two ways: either primary in relation to the thing itself, or primary in general; for example, of bronze works, bronze is primary in relation to them, but in general perhaps water, if all liquefiable things are water) and the form and substance, and this is the end of the generation.
μεταφορᾷ δʼ ἤδη καὶ ὅλως πᾶσα οὐσία φύσις λέγεται διὰ ταύτην, ὅτι καὶ ἡ φύσις οὐσία τίς ἐστιν.
By extension of meaning, and in general, every substance is called nature because of this, because nature also is a certain substance.
ἐκ δὴ τῶν εἰρημένων ἡ πρώτη φύσις καὶ κυρίως λεγομένη ἐστὶν ἡ οὐσία ἡ τῶν ἐχόντων ἀρχὴν κινήσεως ἐν αὑτοῖς ᾗ αὐτά· ἡ γὰρ ὕλη τῷ ταύτης δεκτικὴ εἶναι λέγεται φύσις, καὶ αἱ γενέσεις καὶ τὸ φύεσθαι τῷ ἀπὸ ταύτης εἶναι κινήσεις.
From what has been said, then, primary nature, and that which is so called in the strict sense, is the substance of things which have a source of motion in themselves in virtue of their own selves; for matter is called nature because it is receptive of this, and generations and growing are called nature because they are motions derived from this.
καὶ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κινήσεως τῶν φύσει ὄντων αὕτη ἐστίν, ἐνυπάρχουσά πως ἢ δυνάμει ἢ ἐντελεχείᾳ.
And this is the source of motion of things that exist by nature, being immanent in them somehow, either potentially or actually.