§13.10ὃ δὲ καὶ τοῖς λέγουσι τὰς ἰδέας ἔχει τινὰ ἀπορίαν καὶ τοῖς μὴ λέγουσιν, καὶ κατʼ ἀρχὰς ἐν τοῖς διαπορήμασιν ἐλέχθη πρότερον, λέγωμεν νῦν.
Let us now state a matter which presents a certain difficulty both for those who speak of the Ideas and for those who do not, and which was also mentioned before at the beginning among the difficulties.
εἰ μὲν γάρ τις μὴ θήσει τὰς οὐσίας εἶναι κεχωρισμένας, καὶ τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον ὡς λέγεται τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα τῶν ὄντων, ἀναιρήσει τὴν οὐσίαν ὡς βουλόμεθα λέγειν· ἂν δέ τις θῇ τὰς οὐσίας χωριστάς, πῶς θήσει τὰ στοιχεῖα καὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς αὐτῶν;
For if one does not posit that substances are separate, and in this way in which individual things among beings are said to exist, one will do away with substance in the sense in which we wish to speak of it; but if one posits that substances are separate, how will one posit their elements and principles?
εἰ μὲν γὰρ καθʼ ἕκαστον καὶ μὴ καθόλου, τοσαῦτʼ ἔσται τὰ ὄντα ὅσαπερ τὰ στοιχεῖα, καὶ οὐκ ἐπιστητὰ τὰ στοιχεῖα (ἔστωσαν γὰρ αἱ μὲν ἐν τῇ φωνῇ συλλαβαὶ οὐσίαι τὰ δὲ στοιχεῖα αὐτῶν στοιχεῖα τῶν οὐσιῶν· ἀνάγκη δὴ τὸ ΒΑ ἓν εἶναι καὶ ἑκάστην τῶν συλλαβῶν μίαν, εἴπερ μὴ καθόλου καὶ τῷ εἴδει αἱ αὐταὶ ἀλλὰ μία ἑκάστη τῷ ἀριθμῷ καὶ τόδε τι καὶ μὴ ὁμώνυμον· ἔτι δʼ αὐτὸ ὃ ἔστιν ἓν ἕκαστον τιθέασιν·
For if they are individual and not universal, existing things will be just as many as the elements, and the elements will not be objects of science. (For let the syllables in speech be substances, and their letters be the elements of those substances; then BA must be one, and each of the syllables must be one, if they are not universal and the same in form, but each is one in number and a "this" and not homonymous; further, they posit that each thing itself is one; and if the syllables are so, so also are the elements of which they consist.
εἰ δʼ αἱ συλλαβαί, οὕτω καὶ ἐξ ὧν εἰσίν· οὐκ ἔσται ἄρα πλείω ἄλφα ἑνός, οὐδὲ τῶν ἄλλων στοιχείων οὐθὲν κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον ὅνπερ οὐδὲ τῶν συλλαβῶν ἡ αὐτὴ ἄλλη καὶ ἄλλη· ἀλλὰ μὴν εἰ τοῦτο, οὐκ ἔσται παρὰ τὰ στοιχεῖα ἕτερα ὄντα, ἀλλὰ μόνον τὰ στοιχεῖα·
There will not, then, be more than one alpha, nor any of the other elements, according to the same argument by which there are not other instances of the same syllable; but if this is so, there will be no other things besides the elements, but only the elements.
ἔτι δὲ οὐδʼ ἐπιστητὰ τὰ στοιχεῖα· οὐ γὰρ καθόλου, ἡ δʼ ἐπιστήμη τῶν καθόλου·
Further, the elements will not even be objects of science; for they are not universal, and science is of universals.
δῆλον δʼ ἐκ τῶν ἀποδείξεων καὶ τῶν ὁρισμῶν, οὐ γὰρ γίγνεται συλλογισμὸς ὅτι τόδε τὸ τρίγωνον δύο ὀρθαῖς, εἰ μὴ πᾶν τρίγωνον δύο ὀρθαί, οὐδʼ ὅτι ὁδὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ζῷον, εἰ μὴ πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ζῷον)· ἀλλὰ μὴν εἴγε καθόλου αἱ ἀρχαί, ἢ καὶ αἱ ἐκ τούτων οὐσίαι καθόλου ἢ ἔσται μὴ οὐσία πρότερον οὐσίας· τὸ μὲν γὰρ καθόλου οὐκ οὐσία, τὸ δὲ στοιχεῖον καὶ ἡ ἀρχὴ καθόλου, πρότερον δὲ τὸ στοιχεῖον καὶ ἡ ἀρχὴ ὧν ἀρχὴ καὶ στοιχεῖόν ἐστιν.
This is clear from demonstrations and definitions; for there is no syllogism that this triangle has angles equal to two right angles, unless every triangle has two right angles, nor that this man is an animal, unless every man is an animal.) But if the principles are universal, either the substances composed of them must also be universal, or there will be a non-substance prior to substance; for the universal is not a substance, but the element and principle are universal, and the element and principle are prior to that of which they are the principle and element.
ταῦτά τε δὴ πάντα συμβαίνει εὐλόγως, ὅταν ἐκ στοιχείων τε ποιῶσι τὰς ἰδέας καὶ παρὰ τὰς τὸ αὐτὸ εἶδος ἐχούσας οὐσίας ἕν τι ἀξιῶσιν εἶναι καχωρισμένον·
All these results follow naturally when they make the Ideas from elements, and claim that besides the substances that have the same form there is some one separate thing.
εἰ δὲ μηθὲν κωλύει ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν τῆς φωνῆς στοιχείων πολλὰ εἶναι τὰ ἄλφα καὶ τὰ βῆτα καὶ μηθὲν εἶναι παρὰ τὰ πολλὰ αὐτὸ ἄλφα καὶ αὐτὸ βῆτα, ἔσονται ἕνεκά γε τούτου ἄπειροι αἱ ὅμοιαι συλλαβαί.
But if nothing prevents there being many alphas and betas, just as with the elements of speech, and there being no "alpha itself" or "beta itself" besides the many, then, at least for this reason, there will be an infinite number of similar syllables.
τὸ δὲ τὴν ἐπιστήμην εἶναι καθόλου πᾶσαν, ὥστε ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι καὶ τὰς τῶν ὄντων ἀρχὰς καθόλου εἶναι καὶ μὴ οὐσίας κεχωρισμένας, ἔχει μὲν μάλιστʼ ἀπορίαν τῶν λεχθέντων, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ ἔστι μὲν ὡς ἀληθὲς τὸ λεγόμενον, ἔστι δʼ ὡς οὐκ ἀληθές.
But the claim that all science is universal, so that it is necessary that the principles of existing things must also be universal and not separate substances, presents the greatest difficulty of those mentioned; nevertheless, the statement is in one sense true, and in another not true.
ἡ γὰρ ἐπιστήμη, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ ἐπίστασθαι, διττόν, ὧν τὸ μὲν δυνάμει τὸ δὲ ἐνεργείᾳ.
For science, like knowing, is twofold, of which one is potential and the other actual.
ἡ μὲν οὖν δύναμις ὡς ὕλη καθόλου οὖσα καὶ ἀόριστος τοῦ καθόλου καὶ ἀορίστου ἐστίν, ἡ δʼ ἐνέργεια ὡρισμένη καὶ ὡρισμένου, τόδε τι οὖσα τοῦδέ τινος, ἀλλὰ κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς ἡ ὄψις τὸ καθόλου χρῶμα ὁρᾷ ὅτι τόδε τὸ χρῶμα ὃ ὁρᾷ χρῶμά ἐστιν, καὶ ὃ θεωρεῖ ὁ γραμματικός, τόδε τὸ ἄλφα ἄλφα·
Potential science, being like matter, is universal and indefinite, and is of the universal and indefinite; but actual science is definite and of a definite thing, being a "this" of some "this". But accidentally sight sees universal color because this color which it sees is color, and what the grammarian contemplates, this alpha, is an alpha.
ἐπεὶ εἰ ἀνάγκη τὰς ἀρχὰς καθόλου εἶναι, ἀνάγκη καὶ τὰ ἐκ τούτων καθόλου, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀποδείξεων·
For if it is necessary that the principles be universal, it is also necessary that the things composed of them be universal, as in the case of demonstrations; and if this is so, there will be nothing separate, nor any substance.
εἰ δὲ τοῦτο, οὐκ ἔσται χωριστὸν οὐθὲν οὐδʼ οὐσία. ἀλλὰ δῆλον ὅτι ἔστι μὲν ὡς ἡ ἐπιστήμη καθόλου, ἔστι δʼ ὡς οὔ.
But it is clear that science is in one sense universal, and in another sense not.