§12.8#2ἀναγκαῖον δέ, εἰ μέλλουσι συντεθεῖσαι πᾶσαι τὰ φαινόμενα ἀποδώσειν, καθʼ ἕκαστον τῶν πλανωμένων ἑτέρας σφαίρας μιᾷ ἐλάττονας εἶναι τὰς ἀνελιττούσας καὶ εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ ἀποκαθιστάσας τῇ θέσει τὴν πρώτην σφαῖραν ἀεὶ τοῦ ὑποκάτω τεταγμένου ἄστρου· οὕτω γὰρ μόνως ἐνδέχεται τὴν τῶν πλανήτων φορὰν ἅπαντα ποιεῖσθαι.
But it is necessary, if all of them combined are to account for the phenomena, that for each of the planets there should be other spheres, fewer by one, which counteract them and restore to the same position the first sphere of the star situated next below; for only in this way is it possible for the locomotion of the planets to produce all the results.
ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐν αἷς μὲν αὐτὰ φέρεται σφαίραις αἱ μὲν ὀκτὼ αἱ δὲ πέντε καὶ εἴκοσίν εἰσιν, τούτων δὲ μόνας οὐ δεῖ ἀνελιχθῆναι ἐν αἷς τὸ κατωτάτω τεταγμένον φέρεται, αἱ μὲν τὰς τῶν πρώτων δύο ἀνελίττουσαι ἓξ ἔσονται, αἱ δὲ τὰς τῶν ὕστερον τεττάρων ἑκκαίδεκα· ὁ δὴ ἁπασῶν ἀριθμὸς τῶν τε φερουσῶν καὶ τῶν ἀνελιττουσῶν ταύτας πεντήκοντά τε καὶ πέντε.
Since, then, the spheres in which the planets themselves are carried are in some cases eight, and in others twenty-five, and of these only those in which the lowest situated planet is carried do not need to be counteracted, the spheres which counteract those of the first two planets will be six, and those which counteract those of the subsequent four will be sixteen; and the total number of both the carrying spheres and those which counteract them will be fifty-five.
εἰ δὲ τῇ σελήνῃ τε καὶ τῷ ἡλίῳ μὴ προστιθείη τις ἃς εἴπομεν κινήσεις, αἱ πᾶσαι σφαῖραι ἔσονται ἑπτά τε καὶ τεσσαράκοντα. —τὸ μὲν οὖν πλῆθος τῶν σφαιρῶν ἔστω τοσοῦτον, ὥστε καὶ τὰς οὐσίας καὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς τὰς ἀκινήτους τοσαύτας εὔλογον ὑπολαβεῖν (τὸ γὰρ ἀναγκαῖον ἀφείσθω τοῖς ἰσχυροτέροις λέγειν)· εἰ δὲ μηδεμίαν οἷόν τʼ εἶναι φορὰν μὴ συντείνουσαν πρὸς ἄστρου φοράν, ἔτι δὲ πᾶσαν φύσιν καὶ πᾶσαν οὐσίαν ἀπαθῆ καὶ καθʼ αὑτὴν τοῦ ἀρίστου τετυχηκυῖαν τέλος εἶναι δεῖ νομίζειν, οὐδεμία ἂν εἴη παρὰ ταύτας ἑτέρα φύσις, ἀλλὰ τοῦτον ἀνάγκη τὸν ἀριθμὸν εἶναι τῶν οὐσιῶν.
But if one does not add to the moon and the sun the movements we mentioned, the total number of spheres will be forty-seven.—Let, then, the number of the spheres be so many, so that it is reasonable to assume that the immovable substances and principles are also just as many (for let the formulation of a necessary proof be left to those who are more powerful); but if there can be no locomotion which does not contribute to the locomotion of a star, and further, if we must think that every nature and every substance which is unaffected and has attained the best in itself is an end, then there could be no other nature besides these, but it is necessary that this be the number of substances.
εἴτε γὰρ εἰσὶν ἕτεραι, κινοῖεν ἂν ὡς τέλος οὖσαι φορᾶς· ἀλλὰ εἶναί γε ἄλλας φορὰς ἀδύνατον παρὰ τὰς εἰρημένας.
For if there were others, they would move things as being the end of a locomotion; but it is impossible that there should be other locomotions besides those mentioned.
τοῦτο δὲ εὔλογον ἐκ τῶν φερομένων ὑπολαβεῖν.
And it is reasonable to assume this from the moving bodies.
εἰ γὰρ πᾶν τὸ φέρον τοῦ φερομένου χάριν πέφυκε καὶ φορὰ πᾶσα φερομένου τινός ἐστιν, οὐδεμία φορὰ αὑτῆς ἂν ἕνεκα εἴη οὐδʼ ἄλλης φορᾶς, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἄστρων ἕνεκα.
For if everything which carries exists by nature for the sake of that which is carried, and every locomotion is of something carried, no locomotion could be for its own sake or for the sake of another locomotion, but for the sake of the stars.
εἰ γὰρ ἔσται φορὰ φορᾶς ἕνεκα, καὶ ἐκείνην ἑτέρου δεήσει χάριν εἶναι· ὥστʼ ἐπειδὴ οὐχ οἷόν τε εἰς ἄπειρον, τέλος ἔσται πάσης φορᾶς τῶν φερομένων τι θείων σωμάτων κατὰ τὸν οὐρανόν.
For if there is to be a locomotion for the sake of a locomotion, that one too will have to be for the sake of something else; so that, since it is not possible to go on to infinity, the end of every locomotion will be one of the divine bodies carried through the heaven.
ὅτι δὲ εἷς οὐρανός, φανερόν.
And that the heaven is one is clear.
εἰ γὰρ πλείους οὐρανοὶ ὥσπερ ἄνθρωποι, ἔσται εἴδει μία ἡ περὶ ἕκαστον ἀρχή, ἀριθμῷ δέ γε πολλαί.
For if there were many heavens, as there are many men, the principle concerning each would be one in species, but many in number.
ἀλλʼ ὅσα ἀριθμῷ πολλά, ὕλην ἔχει (εἷς γὰρ λόγος καὶ ὁ αὐτὸς πολλῶν, οἷον ἀνθρώπου, Σωκράτης δὲ εἷς)· τὸ δὲ τί ἦν εἶναι οὐκ ἔχει ὕλην τὸ πρῶτον· ἐντελέχεια γάρ.
But whatever is many in number has matter (for there is one and the same definition for many, as for man, but Socrates is one); but the first 'what it was to be' does not have matter, for it is actuality.
ἓν ἄρα καὶ λόγῳ καὶ ἀριθμῷ τὸ πρῶτον κινοῦν ἀκίνητον ὄν· καὶ τὸ κινούμενον ἄρα ἀεὶ καὶ συνεχῶς· εἷς ἄρα οὐρανὸς μόνος.
Therefore, the first mover, being immovable, is one both in definition and in number; and therefore that which is moved always and continuously is also one; therefore, there is only one heaven.
παραδέδοται δὲ παρὰ τῶν ἀρχαίων καὶ παμπαλαίων ἐν μύθου σχήματι καταλελειμμένα τοῖς ὕστερον ὅτι θεοί τέ εἰσιν οὗτοι καὶ περιέχει τὸ θεῖον τὴν ὅλην φύσιν.
And there has been handed down from the ancients and those of great antiquity, left in the form of a myth to subsequent generations, that these are gods and that the divine encompasses the whole of nature.
τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ μυθικῶς ἤδη προσῆκται πρὸς τὴν πειθὼ τῶν πολλῶν καὶ πρὸς τὴν εἰς τοὺς νόμους καὶ τὸ συμφέρον χρῆσιν· ἀνθρωποειδεῖς τε γὰρ τούτους καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων ὁμοίους τισὶ λέγουσι, καὶ τούτοις ἕτερα ἀκόλουθα καὶ παραπλήσια τοῖς εἰρημένοις, ὧν εἴ τις χωρίσας αὐτὸ λάβοι μόνον τὸ πρῶτον, ὅτι θεοὺς ᾤοντο τὰς πρώτας οὐσίας εἶναι, θείως ἂν εἰρῆσθαι νομίσειεν, καὶ κατὰ τὸ εἰκὸς πολλάκις εὑρημένης εἰς τὸ δυνατὸν ἑκάστης καὶ τέχνης καὶ φιλοσοφίας καὶ πάλιν φθειρομένων καὶ ταύτας τὰς δόξας ἐκείνων οἷον λείψανα περισεσῶσθαι μέχρι τοῦ νῦν.
But the remaining details have already been introduced mythically for the persuasion of the many and for use in relation to the laws and expediency; for they say that these are of human form and similar to some of the other animals, and other things follow upon these and similar to what has been said, of which if one were to separate the first point alone and take it, namely, that they thought the first substances were gods, one would think it was divinely spoken, and that, probably, while every art and philosophy has been discovered many times as far as possible and lost again, these opinions of theirs have been preserved like relics until now.
ἡ μὲν οὖν πάτριος δόξα καὶ ἡ παρὰ τῶν πρώτων ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἡμῖν φανερὰ μόνον.
The ancestral opinion, then, and that from the first generations, is clear to us only to this extent.