§0.1ΘΑΥΜΑΖΕΤΑΙ τῶν μὲν κατὰ φύσιν συμβαινόντων, ὅσων ἀγνοεῖται τὸ αἴτιον, τῶν δὲ παρὰ φύσιν, ὅσα γίνεται διὰ τέχνην πρὸς τὸ συμφέρον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις.
Among things that occur in accordance with nature, those whose cause is unknown are wondered at, and among those contrary to nature, whatever occurs through art for the benefit of humankind.
Ἐν πολλοῖς γὰρ ἢ φύσις ὑπεναντίον πρὸς τὸ χρήσιμον ἡμῖν ποιεῖ· ἡ μὲν γὰρ φύσις ἀεὶ τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχει τρόπον καὶ ἀπλῶς, τὸ δὲ χρήσιμον μεταβάλλει πολλαχῶς.
For in many cases nature acts in opposition to what is useful for us; for nature is always constant and simple, whereas what is useful changes in many ways.
§0.2Ὄταν οὖν δέῃ τι παρὰ φύσιν πράξαι, διὰ τὸ χαλεπὸν ἀπορίαν παρέχει καὶ δεῖται τέχνης.
Therefore, when it is necessary to do something contrary to nature, it presents difficulty due to its hardship and requires art.
Διὸ καὶ καλοῦμεν τῆς τέχνης τὸ πρὸς τὰς τοιαύτας ἀπορίας βοηθοῦν μέρος μηχανήν.
For this reason, we call that part of art which assists in such difficulties a 'machine'.
Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐποίησεν Ἀντιφῶν ὁ ποιητής, οὕτω καὶ ἔχει· τέχνῃ γὰρ κρατοῦμεν, ὧν φύσει νικώμεθα. §0.3Τοιαῦτα δέ ἐστιν ἐν οἶς τά τε ἐλάττονα κρατεῖ τῶν μειζόνων, καὶ τὰ ῥοπὴν ἔχοντα μικρὰν κινεῖ βάρη μεγάλα, καὶ πάντα σχεδὸν ὅσα τῶν προβλημάτων μηχανικὰ προσαγορεύομεν.
For as the poet Antiphon wrote, so indeed it is: 'For by art we master those things in which we are conquered by nature.' Such cases are those in which the smaller master the larger, and those having a small weight move great loads, and virtually all the problems that we address as mechanical.
Ἕστι δὲ ταῦτα τοῖς φυσικοῖς προβλήμασιν οὔτε ταὐτὰ πάμπαν οὔτε κεχωρισμένα λίαν, ἀλλὰ κοινὰ τῶν τε μαθηματικῶν θεωρημάτων καὶ τῶν φυσικῶν· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὥς διὰ τῶν μαθηματικῶν δῆλον, τὸ δὲ περὶ ὃ διὰ τῶν φυσικῶν.
These are neither entirely the same as physical problems nor completely separate from them, but are common to both mathematical and physical theorems; for the 'how' is clear through mathematics, while the 'what about' is clear through physics.
§0.4Περιέχεται δὲτῶν ἀπορουμένων ἐν τῷ γένει τούτῳ τὰ περὶ τὸν μοχλόν.
Among the problems in this class, those concerning the lever are included.
Ἅτοπον γὰρ εἶναι δοκεῖ τὸ κινεῖσθαι μέγα βάρος ὑπὸ μικρᾶς ἰσχύος, καὶ ταῦτα μετὰ βάρους πλείονος· ὃ γὰρ ἄνευ μοχλοῦ κινεῖν οὐ δύναταί τις,τοῦτο ταὐτὸ βάρος, προσλαβών ἔτι τὸ τοῦ μοχλοῦ βάρος, κινεῖ θᾶττον.
For it seems strange that a great weight is moved by a small force, and that too accompanied by more weight; for that same weight which one cannot move without a lever, one moves more quickly by adding further the weight of the lever.
§0.5Πάντων δὲ τῶν τοιούτων ἔχει τῆς αἰτίας τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁ κύκλος.
The circle contains the principle of the cause of all such phenomena.
Καὶ τοῦτο εὐλόγως συμβέβηκεν· ἐκ μὲν γὰρ θαυμασιωτέρου συμβαίνειν τι θαυμαστὸν οὐδὲν ἄτοπον, θαυμασιώτατον δὲ τὸ τἀναντία γίνεσθαι μετ’ ἀλλήλων.
And this happens reasonably; for it is not at all strange that something wonderful should occur from something more wonderful, and the most wonderful thing is for opposites to occur together with one another.
Ὁ δὲ κύκλος συνέστηκεν ἐκ τοιούτων· εὐθύς γὰρ ἐκ κινουμένου τε γεγένηται καὶ μένοντος, ὦν φύσις ἐστὶν ὑπεναντία ἀλλήλοις.
The circle is composed of such things; for it is generated at once from the moving and the stationary, whose natures are contrary to each other.
§0.6Ὤστ’ ἐνταῦθα ἔστιν ἐπβλέψασιν ἦττον θαυμάζειν τὰς συμβαινούσας ὑπεναντιώσεις περὶ αὐτόν, Πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ τῇ περιεχούσῃ γραμμῇ τὸν κύκλον, πλάτος οὐθὲν ἐχούσῃ, τἀναντία πως προσεμφαίνεται, τὸ κοῖλον καὶ τὸ κυρτόν.
Therefore, looking at this, one may wonder less at the contrarieties occurring about it. First, in the line containing the circle, which has no width, opposites somehow appear together, the concave and the convex.
Ταῦτα δὲ διέστηκεν ἀλλήλων ὃν τρόπον τὸ μέγα καὶ τὸ μικρόν· ἐκείνων τε γὰρ μέσον τὸ ἴσὸν καὶ τούτων τὸ εὐθύ.
These differ from each other in the same way as the great and the small; for the middle of those is the equal, and of these is the straight.
§0.7Διὸ μεταβάλλοντα εἰς ἄλληλα τὰ μὲν ἀναγκαῖον ἴσα γενέσθαι πρότερον ἢ τῶν ἄκρων ὁποτερονοῦν, τὴν δὲ γραμμὴν εὐθεῖαν, ὅταν ἐκ κυρτῆς εἰςκοῖλον ἢ πάλιν ἐκ ταύτης γίνηται κυρτὴ καὶ περιφερής.
Therefore, when they change into each other, the former must become equal before reaching either of the extremes, and the line must become straight when it changes from convex to concave, or back again from this into convex and curved.
Ἕν μὲν οὖν τοῦτο τῶν ἀτόπων ὑπάρχει περὶ τὸν κύκλον, δεύτερον δὲ ὅτι ἄμα κινεῖταιτὰς ἐναντίας κινήσεις· ἅμα γὰρ εἰς τὸν ἔμπροσθεν κινεῖται τόπονκαὶ τὸν ὄπισθεν.
This, then, is one of the strange things about the circle, and the second is that it simultaneously undergoes contrary motions; for it moves at the same time to the place in front and to the place behind.
§0.8Ἥ τε γράφουσα γραμμὴ τὸν κύκλον ὥσαύτως ἔχει· ἐξ οὗ γὰρ ἄρχεται τόπου τὸ πέρας αὑτῆς, ἐς τὸν αὐτὸν τοῦτον τόπον ἔρχεται πάλιν· συνεχῶς γὰρ κινουμένης αὐτῆς τὸ ἔσχατον πάλιν ἀπῆλθε πρῶτον, ὥστε καὶ φανερὸν ὅτι μετέβαλεν ἐντεῦθεν.
The line describing the circle behaves in the same way; for from whatever place its extremity begins, it returns to this same place again; for as it moves continuously, its last point becomes the first again from which it departed, so that it is also clear that it has changed from there.
§0.9Διό, καθάπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, οὐδὲν ἄτοπον τὸ πάντων εἶναι τῶν θαυμάτων αὐτὸν ἀρχήν.
Therefore, as has been said before, it is not at all strange that the circle is the principle of all wonders.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τὸν ζυγὸν γινόμενα εἰς τὸν κύκλον ἀνάγεται, τὰ δὲ περὶ τὸν μοχλὸν εἰς τὸν ζυγόν, τὰ δ’ ἄλλα πάντα σχεδὸν τὰ περὶ τὰς κινήσεις τὰς μηχανικὰς εἰς τὸν μοχλόν.
The phenomena concerning the balance are reduced to the circle, those concerning the lever to the balance, and almost all other matters concerning mechanical movements to the lever.
§0.10Ἔτι δὲ διὰ τὸ μιᾶς οὔσης τῆς ἐκ τοῦ κέντρου γραμμῆς μηθὲν ἕτερον ἑτέρῳ φέρεσθαι τῶν σημείων τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ ἰσοταχῶς, ἀλλ’ ἀεὶ τὸ τοῦ μένοντος πέρατος πορρώτερον ὂν θᾶττον, πολλὰ τῶν θαυμαζομένων συμβαίνει περὶ τὰς κινήσεις τῶν κύκλων· περὶ ὧν ἐν τοῖς ἑπομένοις προβλήμασιν ἔσται δῆλον.
Furthermore, because, although the line from the center is one, none of the points on it travel at an equal speed as another, but the one further from the stationary extremity always travels faster, many of the wondered-at things occur concerning the movements of circles; about which it will be clear in the following problems.
§0.11Διὰ δὲ τὸ τὰς ἐναντίας κινήσεις ἄμα κινεῖσθαι τὸν κύκλον, καὶ τὸ μὲν ἕτερον τῆς διαμέτρου τῶν ἄκρων, ἐφ’ οὖ τὸ Α, εἰς τοὔμπροσθεν κινεῖσθαι, θάτερον δέ, ἐφ’ οὖ τὸ Β, εἰς τοὔπισθεν, κατασκευάζουσί τινες ὥστ’ ἀπὸ μιᾶς κινήσεως πολλοὺς ὑπεναντίους ἅμα κινεῖσθαι κύκλους, ὥσπερ οὓς ἀνατιθέασιν ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς ποιήσαντες τροχίσκους χαλκοῦςτε καὶ σιδηροῦς.
Because the circle moves in contrary directions at the same time, and one of the extremes of the diameter, on which is A, moves forward, while the other, on which is B, moves backward, some people construct devices so that from a single movement many contrary circles move at the same time, like the bronze and iron wheels which they dedicate in temples.
§0.12Εἰ γὰρ εἴη τοῦ Α Β κύκλου ἁπτόμενος ἕτερος κύκλος ἐφ’ οὗ Γ Δ, τοῦ κύκλουτοῦ ἐφ’ οὗ Α Β κινουμένης τῆς διαμέτρου εἰς τοὔμπροσθεν, κινηθήσεται ἡ Γ Δ εἰς τοὔπισθεν τοῦ κύκλου τοῦ ἐφ’ οὗ Α, κινουμένης τῆς διαμέτρου περὶ τὸ αὐτό.
For if there were another circle, on which is CD, touching the circle AB, when the diameter of the circle AB moves forward, the CD of the circle will move backward, the diameter moving around the same point.
Εἰς τοὐναντίον ἄρα κινηθήσεται ὁ ἐφ’ οὗ Γ Δ κύκλος τῷ ἐφ’οὗ τὸ Α Β καὶ πάλιν αὐτὸς τὸν ἐφεξῆς, ἐφ’οὖ Ε Ζ, εἰς τοὐναντίον αὑτῷ κινήσει διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν.
The circle CD will therefore move in the opposite direction to the circle AB; and again, it will move the next one in order, on which is EF, in the opposite direction to itself for the same reason.
§0.13Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον κἂν πλείους ὦσι, τοῦτο ποιήσουσιν ἑνὸς μόνου κινηθέντος.
In the same manner, even if there are more, they will do this when only one is moved.
Ταύτην οὖν λαβόντες ὑπάρχουσαν ἐν τῷ κύκλῳ τὴν φύσιν οἱ δημιουργοὶ κατασκνευάζουσιν ὅργανον κρύπτοντες τὴν ἀρχήν, ὅπως ᾖ τοῦ μηχανήματος φανερὸν μόνον τὸ θαυμαστόν, τὸ δ’ αἴτιον ἄδηλον.
The craftsmen, therefore, taking this nature inherent in the circle, construct an instrument hiding the principle, so that only the wonderful part of the machine is visible, while its cause remains unseen.