§11Πῶς μὲν οὖν κινεῖται τὰς ἑκουσίους κινήσεις τὰ ζῷα, 11 καὶ διὰ τίνας αἰτίας, εἴρηται·
How, then, animals move with respect to voluntary movements, and for what causes, has been said.
κινεῖται δέ τινας καὶ ἀκουσίους ἔνια τῶν μερῶν, τὰς δὲ πλείστας οὐχ ἑκουσίους.
But some of the parts also move with certain involuntary movements, and most with non-voluntary movements.
λέγω δʼ ἀκουσίους μὲν οἷον τὴν τῆς καρδίας τε καὶ τὴν τοῦ αἰδοίου (πολλάκις γὰρ φανέντος τινός, οὐ μέντοι κελεύσαντος τοῦ νοῦ κινοῦνται), οὐχ ἑκουσίους δʼ οἷον ὕπνον καὶ ἐγρήγορσιν καὶ ἀναπνοήν, καὶ ὅσαι ἄλλαι τοιαῦταί εἰσιν.
And I mean by involuntary, for instance, that of the heart and that of the privy member (for often when something has appeared, though the intellect did not command, they move), and by non-voluntary, for instance, sleep and waking and respiration, and all others of such a kind.
οὐθενὸς γὰρ τούτων κυρία ἀπλῶς ἐστιν οὔθʼ ἡ φαντασία οὔθʼ ἡ ὄρεξις, ἀλλʼ ἐπειδὴ ἀνάγκη ἀλλοιοῦσθαι τὰ ζῷα φυσικὴν ἀλλοίωσιν, ἀλλοιουμένων δὲ τῶν μορίων τὰ μὲν αὔξεσθαι τὰ δὲ φθίνειν, ὥστʼ ἤδη κινεῖσθαι καὶ μεταβάλλειν τὰς πεφυκυίας ἔχεσθαι μεταβολὰς ἀλλήλων.
For over none of these are imagination or desire simply sovereign, but since it is necessary that animals undergo natural alteration, and as the parts are altered some increase and others decrease, so that they already move and change through those changes which are by nature continuous with one other.
αἰτίαι δὲ τῶν κινήσεων θερμότητές τε καὶ ψύξεις, αἵ τε θύραθεν καὶ αἱ ἐντὸς ὑπάρχουσαι φυσικαί.
And the causes of these movements are heats and coldnesses, both those from without and those existing naturally within.
καὶ αἱ παρὰ τὸν λόγον δὴ γινόμεναι κινήσεις τῶν ῥηθέντων μορίων ἀλλοιώσεως συμπεσούσης γίνονται. (ἡ γὰρ νόησις καὶ ἡ φαντασία, ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, τὰ ποιητικὰ τῶν παθημάτων προσφέρουσι· τὰ γὰρ εἴδη τῶν ποιητικῶν προσφέρουσι. ) μάλιστα δὲ τῶν μορίων ταῦτα ποιεῖ ἐπιδήλως διὰ τὸ ὥσπερ ζῷον κεχωρισμένον ἑκάτερον εἶναι τῶν μορίων.
And indeed the movements of the mentioned parts which occur contrary to reason happen when an alteration has coincided. (For thought and imagination, as was said before, bring forward the productive causes of the affections; for they bring forward the forms of the productive causes.) And of the parts, these two do this most conspicuously because each of these parts is like a separate animal.
ἡ μὲν οὖν καρδία φανερὸν διʼ ἣν αἰτίαν· τὰς γὰρ ἀρχὰς ἔχει τῶν αἰσθήσεων· τὸ δὲ μόριον τὸ γεννητικὸν ὅτι τοιοῦτόν ἐστι, σημεῖον· καὶ γὰρ ἐξέρχεται ἐξ αὐτοῦ ὥσπερ ζῷόν τι ἡ τοῦ σπέρματος δύναμις.
Now as for the heart, the cause is clear; for it contains the starting-points of the senses; and as for the generative part, that it is of such a kind is indicated by the fact that the power of the seed goes out from it like a sort of animal.
αἱ δὲ κινήσεις τῇ τε ἀρχῇ ἀπὸ τῶν μορίων καὶ τοῖς μορίοις ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς εὐλόγως συμβαίνουσι, καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλας οὕτως ἀφικνοῦνται.
And the movements occur reasonably from the parts to the starting-point, and from the starting-point to the parts, and thus they arrive at one another.
δεῖ γὰρ νοῆσαι τὸ Α ἀρχήν.
For one must conceive A to be the starting-point.
αἱ οὖν κινήσεις καθʼ ἕκαστον στοιχεῖον τῶν ἐπιγεγραμμένων ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀφικνοῦνται, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς κινουμένης καὶ μεταβαλλούσης, ἐπειδὴ πολλὰ δυνάμει ἐστίν, ἡ μὲν τοῦ Β ἀρχὴ ἐπὶ τὸ Β, ἡ δὲ τοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ Γ, ἡ δʼ ἀμφοῖν ἐπʼ ἄμφω.
Therefore, the movements along each letter of those inscribed arrive at the starting-point, and when the starting-point is moved and changes, since it is potentially many, the starting-point of B goes to B, and that of [C] to C, and that of both to both.
ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Β ἐπὶ τὸ Γ τῷ ἀπὸ μὲν τοῦ Β ἐπὶ τὸ Α ἐλθεῖν ὡς ἐπʼ ἀρχήν, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ Α ἐπὶ τὸ Γ ὡς ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς.
And from B to C because it goes from B to A as to a starting-point, and from A to C as from a starting-point.
ὅτι δὲ ὁτὲ μὲν ταὐτὰ νοησάντων γίνεται ἡ κίνησις ἡ παρὰ τὸν λόγον ἐν τοῖς μορίοις, ὁτὲ δʼ οὔ, αἴτιον τὸ ὁτὲ μὲν ἐνυπάρχειν τὴν παθητικὴν ὕλην ὁτὲ δὲ μὴ τοσαύτην ἢ τοιαύτην.
And that sometimes the movement contrary to reason occurs in the parts when people think of the same things, and sometimes not, the cause is that sometimes the passive matter is present, and sometimes not in such quantity or of such quality.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν μορίων ἑκάστου τῶν ζῴων, καὶ περὶ ψυχῆς, ἔτι δὲ περὶ αἰσθήσεως καὶ ὕπνου καὶ μνήμης καὶ τῆς κοινῆς κινήσεως, εἰρήκαμεν τὰς αἰτίας· λοιπὸν δὲ περὶ γενέσεως εἰπεῖν.
¦704a ¦ Now concerning each of the parts of animals, and concerning the soul, and further concerning sensation and sleep and memory and the common movement, we have spoken of the causes; it remains to speak of generation.