§88 τοῖς δʼ ὄφεσιν αἴτιον τῆς ἀποδίας τό τε τὴν φύσιν μηθὲν ποιεῖν μάτην, ἀλλὰ πάντα πρὸς τὸ ἄριστον ἀποβλέπουσαν ν ἑκάστῳ ἐκ τῶν ἐνδεχομένων, διασώζουσαν ἑκάστου τὴν ἰδίαν | οὐσίαν καὶ τὸ τί ἦν αὐτῷ εἶναι· ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὸ πρότερον ἡμῖν εἰρημένον, τὸ τῶν ἐναίμων μηθὲν οἷόν τʼ εἶναι πλείοσι κινεῖσθαι σημείοις ἢ τέτταρσιν.
8 The cause of the footlessness in snakes is both that nature does nothing in vain, but always looks toward the best in each case from among the possibilities, preserving the peculiar essence and the essence-of-being of each; and furthermore, what was said by us before, namely that no blooded animal can move by more than four points.
ἐκ τούτων γὰρ φανερὸν ὅτι τῶν ἐναίμων ὅσα κατὰ τὸ μῆκος ἀσύμμετρά ἐστι πρὸς τὴν ἄλλην τοῦ σώματος φύσιν, καθάπερ οἱ ὄφεις, οὐθὲν αὐτῶν οἷόν θʼ ὑπόπουν εἶναι.
For from these things it is manifest that of blooded animals, those which are asymmetrical in length compared to the rest of their body’s nature, like snakes, cannot possibly have feet.
πλείους μὲν γὰρ τεττάρων οὐχ οἷόν τε αὐτὰ πόδας ἔχειν (ἄναιμα γὰρ ἂν ἦν), ἔχοντα δὲ δύο πόδας ἢ τέτταρας σχεδὸν ἦν ἂν ἀκίνητα πάμπαν· οὕτω βραδεῖαν ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι καὶ ἀνωφελῆ τὴν κίνησιν.
For they cannot have more than four feet (for they would have been bloodless), and if they had two or four feet they would be almost entirely motionless; for their movement would of necessity be so slow and useless.
Ἅπαν δὲ τὸ ὑπόπουν ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἀρτίους ἔχει τοὺς πόδας·
On the other hand, everything that has feet has of necessity an even number of feet.
ὅσα μὲν γὰρ ἅλσει χρώμενα μόνον ποιεῖται τὴν κατὰ τόπον μεταβολήν, οὐθὲν ποδῶν πρός γε τὴν τοιαύτην δεῖται κίνησιν· ὅσα δὲ χρῆται μὲν ἄλσει, μή ἐστι δʼ αὐτοῖς αὐτάρκης αὕτη ἡ κίνησις ἀλλὰ καὶ πορείας προσδέονται, δῆλον ὡς τοῖς μὲν βέλτιον τοῖς δʼ ὅλως ἀδύνατον πορεύεσθαι.
For those that make their local change by jumping only do not need feet at all, at least for that kind of movement; but for those that use jumping, and this movement is not sufficient for them but they also need walking, it is clear that for some it is better [to have even feet] and for others it is entirely impossible to walk [with odd feet].
οὔσης γὰρ τῆς τοιαύτης μεταβολῆς κατὰ μέρος, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἀθρόῳ παντὶ τῷ σώματι καθάπερ τῆς ἅλσεως, ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστι τοῖς μὲν μένειν μεταβαλλόντων τῶν ποδῶν τοῖς δὲ κινεῖσθαι, καὶ τοῖς ἀντικειμένοις τούτων ποιεῖν ἑκάτερον, μεταβάλλον ἀπὸ τῶν κινουμένων ἐπὶ τὰ μένοντα τὸ βάρος.
For since such change of place occurs in parts, and not with the whole body at once as in jumping, it is necessary for some feet to remain still while others move, as the feet alternate, and for their opposites to perform each of these two actions, the weight shifting from those that are moving to those that remain still.
διόπερ οὔτε τρισὶ μὲν οὐθὲν οὔθʼ ἑνὶ χρώμενον βαδίζειν οἷόν τε· τὸ μὲν γὰρ οὐθὲν ὅλως ὑπόστημα ἔχει ἐφʼ τὸ τοῦ σώματος ἕξει βάρος, τὸ δὲ κατὰ τὴν ἑτέραν ἀντίθεσιν μόνην, ὥστʼ ἀναγκαῖον αὐτὸ οὕτως ἐπιχειροῦν κινεῖσθαι πίπτειν.
Therefore it is impossible to walk by using either three feet or one; for the latter [one foot] has no support at all on which to hold the weight of the body, and the former [three feet] has support on one opposite side only, so that trying to move in this way it must of necessity fall.
ὅσα δὲ πολύποδά ἐστιν, οἷον αἱ σκολόπενδραι, τούτοις δυνατὸν μὲν καὶ ἀπὸ περιττῶν ποδῶν πορείαν γίνεσθαι, καθάπερ φαίνεται ποιούμενα καὶ νῦν, ἄν τις αὐτῶν ἕνα πηρώσῃ τῶν ποδῶν, διὰ τὸ τὴν τῶν ἀντιστοίχων ποδῶν κολόβωσιν ἰᾶσθαι τῷ λοιπῷ πλήθει τῶν ἐφʼ ἑκάτερα ποδῶν·
But for those that are polypod, like centipedes, it is possible for walking to take place even from an odd number of feet—as they are seen doing even now if someone maims one of their feet—due to the fact that the mutilation of the corresponding feet is cured by the remaining multitude of feet on either side.
γίνεται γὰρ τούτοις οἷον ἔφελξις τοῦ πεπηρωμένου μορίου τοῖς ἄλλοις.
For in these there occurs as it were a dragging along of the maimed part by the others.
οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ φανερόν γε ὅτι βέλτιον ἂν καὶ ταῦτα ποιοῖτο τὴν μεταβολὴν ἀρτίους ἔχοντα τοὺς πόδας, καὶ μηθενὸς ἐλλείποντος, ἀλλʼ ἀντιστοίχους ἔχοντα τοὺς πόδας· οὕτω γὰρ ἂν αὑτῶν ἀνισάζειν τε δύναιντο τὸ βάρος καὶ μὴ ταλαντεύειν ἐπὶ θάτερα μᾶλλον, εἰ ἀντίστοιχα ἐρείσματʼ ἔχοι καὶ μὴ κενὴν τὴν ἑτέραν χώραν τῶν ἀντικειμένων.
Nevertheless, it is clear that even these would make their change of place better if they had an even number of feet, with none missing, but having their feet mutually corresponding; for in this way they would be able to balance their own weight and not sway more to one side, if they had mutually corresponding supports and not one empty space on the opposite side.
προβαίνει δʼ ἀφʼ ἑκατέρου τῶν μερῶν ἐναλλὰξ πορευόμενον· οὕτω γὰρ εἰς ταὐτὸ τῷ ἐξ ἀρχῆς σχήματι γίνεται ἡ κατάστασις.
And the walking animal advances alternately from each of the two sides; for in this way its restoration to the same posture as at the beginning occurs.