§1111 Καὶ περὶ μὲν τούτων διωρίσθω τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον, τὸ δὲ μέλλον ζῷον ὀρθὸν βαδιεῖσθαι διότι δίπουν τε ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστιν εἶναι, καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄνω μέρη τοῦ σώματος κουφότερα ἔχειν τὰ δʼ ὑφεστῶτα τούτοις βαρύτερα, δῆλον· μόνως γὰρ ἂν οὕτως ἔχον οἷόν τʼ εἴη φέρειν ἑαυτὸ ῥᾳδίως.
And about these things let the distinction be made in this way. But that an animal which is to walk upright must of necessity be bipedal, and have the upper parts of its body lighter and those that support these heavier, is clear; for only by being thus situated could it carry itself easily.
διόπερ ἄνθρωπος μόνον ὀρθὸν τῶν ζῴων ὢν τὰ σκέλη κατὰ λόγον ἔχει πρὸς τὰ ἄνω τοῦ σώματος μέγιστα τῶν ὑποπόδων καὶ ἰσχυρότατα.
Therefore, man, being the only upright one among animals, has, in proportion to the upper parts of his body, his legs the largest and strongest of those with feet.
δῆλον δε ποιεῖ τοῦτο καὶ τὸ συμβαῖνον τοῖς παιδίοις· οὐ γὰρ δύναται βαδίζειν ὀρθὰ διὰ τὸ πάντα νανώδη εἶναι καὶ | μείζω καὶ ἰσχυρότερα ἔχειν ἢ κατὰ λόγον τὰ ἄνω μέρη τοῦ σώματος τῶν κάτωθεν.
And this is made clear also by what happens in the case of infants; for they cannot walk upright because they are entirely dwarf-like, and have the upper parts of their body larger and stronger than in proportion to the lower parts.
προϊούσης δὲ τῆς ἡλικίας αὔξησιν λαμβάνει τὰ κάτω μᾶλλον, μέχρι οὗπερ ἂν λάβωσι τὸ προσῆκον μέγεθος, καὶ ποιοῦνται τότε τοῖς σώμασι τὴν βάδισιν τὴν ὀρθήν.
But as age advances, the lower parts receive more growth, until they obtain their proper size, and then they perform their upright walking with their bodies.
οἱ δʼ ὄρνιθες κοῦφοι ὄντες δίποδές εἰσι διὰ τὸ ὄπισθεν αὐτοῖς τὸ βάρος εἶναι, καθάπερ ἐργάζονται τοὺς ἵππους τοὺς χαλκοῦς τοὺς τὰ πρόσθια ᾐρκότας τῶν σκελῶν.
Birds, on the other hand, being light, are bipedal because their weight is in the rear, just as people fashion bronze horses that have raised their front legs.
αἴτιον δὲ μάλιστα τοῦ δίποδας ὄντας δύνασθαι ἑστάναι τὸ ἔχειν τὸ ἰσχίον ὅμοιον μηρῷ καὶ τηλικοῦτον ὥστε δοκεῖν δύο μηροὺς ἔχειν, τόν τʼ ἐν τῷ σκέλει πρὸ τῆς καμπῆς καὶ τὸν πρὸς τοῦτο τὸ μέρος ἀπὸ τῆς ἕδρας· ἔστι δʼ οὐ μηρὸς ἀλλʼ ἰσχίον.
And the chief cause of their being able to stand, though they are bipedal, is that they have the ischium similar to a thigh, and of such a size that they seem to have two thighs—namely, the one in the leg before the bend and the one from the rump towards this part; yet it is not a thigh but an ischium.
εἰ γὰρ μὴ τηλικοῦτον ἦν, οὐκ ἂν ἦν ὄρνις δίπους.
For if it were not of such a size, a bird would not be bipedal.
ὥσπερ γὰρ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ τοῖς τετράποσι ζῴοις, εὐθὺς ἂν ἦν ἀπὸ βραχέος ὄντος τοῦ ἰσχίου ὁ μηρὸς καὶ τὸ ἄλλο σκέλος· λίαν οὖν ἂν ἦν τὸ σῶμα πᾶν προπετὲς αὐτῶν.
For, just as with humans and quadruped animals, if the ischium were short, the thigh and the rest of the leg would follow immediately; therefore, their whole body would be exceedingly leaning forward.
νῦν δὲ μακρὸν ὂν μέχρι ὑπὸ μέσην παρατείνει τὴν γαστέρα, ὥστʼ ἐντεῦθεν τὰ σκέλη ὑπερηρεισμένα φέρει τὸ σῶμα πᾶν.
But as it is, being long, it extends under the middle of the belly, so that from there the legs, supporting it from underneath, carry the whole body.
φανερὸν δʼ ἐκ τούτων καὶ ὅτι ὀρθὸν οὐκ ἐνδέχεται τὸν ὄρνιθα εἶναι ὥσπερ τὸν ἄνθρωπον.
And it is clear from these things also that it is not possible for a bird to be upright in the way a human is.
ἡ γὰρ τῶν πτερῶν φύσις ὡς ἔχουσι τὸ σῶμα νῦν οὕτως αὐτοῖς χρήσιμός ἐστιν, ὀρθοῖς δʼ οὖσιν ἄχρηστος ἂν ἦν, ὥσπερ γράφουσι τοὺς ἔρωτας ἔχοντας πτέρυγας.
For the nature of their wings, just as they have their body now, is useful to them in this way, but if they were upright, it would be useless, just as they paint the Cupids having wings.
ἅμα γὰρ τοῖς εἰρημένοις δῆλον ὅτι οὐδʼ ἄνθρωπον, οὐδʼ εἰ ἄλλο τι τοιοῦτόν ἐστι τὴν μορφήν, δυνατὸν εἶναι πτερωτόν, οὐ μόνον ὅτι πλείοσι σημείοις κινήσεται ἢ τέτταρσιν ἔναιμον ὄν, ἀλλʼ ὅτι ἄχρηστος αὐτοῖς ἡ τῶν πτερύγων ἕξις κατὰ φύσιν κινουμένοις· ἡ δὲ φύσις οὐδὲν ποιεῖ παρὰ φύσιν.
At the same time, from what has been said, it is clear that neither a human, nor if there is anything else of such a form, can be winged, not only because, being a red-blooded animal, it would move with more than four points, but also because the possession of wings would be useless to them when moving according to nature; and nature does nothing contrary to nature.