§9.33Ἐν δὲ Σκύθαις ὀρνίθων γένος ἐστὶν οὐκ ἔλαττον ὠτίδος· τοῦτο τίκτει δύο νεοττούς, οὐκ ἐπικάθηται δέ, ἀλλ’ ἐν δέρματι λαγωοῦ ἢ ἀλώπεκος ἐγκρύψαν ἐᾷ· ἐπ’ ἄκρῳ δὲ τῷ δένδρῳ φυλάττει, ὅταν μὴ τύχῃ θηρεύων· κἄν τις ἀναβαίνῃ, μάχεται καὶ τύπτει ταῖς πτέρυξιν, ὥσπερ οἱ ἀετοί.
Among the Scythians there is a kind of bird not smaller than a bustard; this one lays two eggs, but does not sit on them, instead leaving them hidden in the skin of a hare or a fox; and it keeps watch from the top of a tree when it does not happen to be hunting; and if anyone climbs up, it fights and strikes with its wings, just like eagles.
§9.34Γλαῦκες δὲ καὶ νυκτικόρακες, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ὅσα τῆς ἡμέρας ἀδυνατεῖ βλέπειν, τῆς νυκτὸς μὲν θηρεύοντα τὴν τροφὴν αὑτοῖς πορίζεται, οὐ κατὰ πᾶσαν δὲ τὴν νύκτα τοῦτο ποιεῖ, ἀλλ’ ἄχρι ἑσπερίου καὶ περὶ ὄρθρον· θηρεύει δὲ μῦς καὶ σαύρας καὶ σφονδύλας καὶ τοιαῦτ’ ἄλλα ζῳδάρια.
Owls and night-herons, and the rest of those that are unable to see during the day, provide food for themselves by hunting at night, but they do not do this throughout the whole night, but only until evening and around dawn; and they hunt mice, lizards, beetles, and other such small creatures.
Ἡ δὲ καλουμένη φήνη ἐστὶν εὔτεκνος καὶ εὐβίοτος καὶ δειπνοφόρος καὶ ἤπιος, καὶ τὰ τέκνα ἐκτρέφει καὶ τὰ αὑτῆς καὶ τὰ τοῦ ἀετοῦ.
The so-called phene is successful with its young, well-off, brings food, and is gentle, and it rears both its own chicks and those of the eagle.
Καὶ γὰρ ταῦθ’ ὅταν ἐκβάλλῃ ἐκεῖνος, ἀναλαβοῦσα τρέφει· ἐκβάλλει γὰρ ὁ ἀετὸς πρὸ ὥρας, ἔτι βίου δεόμενα καὶ οὔπω δυνάμενα πέτεσθαι.
For when the latter casts them out, she takes them in and feeds them; for the eagle casts them out before the proper time, when they are still in need of sustenance and not yet able to fly.
Ἐκβάλλειν δὲ δοκεῖ ὁ ἀετὸς τοὺς νεοττοὺς διὰ φθόνον· φύσει γάρ ἐστι φθονερὸς καὶ ὀξύπεινος, ἔτι δὲ ὀξυλαβής.
The eagle seems to cast out its chicks because of envy; for by nature it is envious and quickly starved, and also quick to seize.
Λαμβάνει δὲ μέγα, ὅταν λάβῃ.
And it takes a large amount when it does capture.
Φθονεῖ οὖν τοῖς νεοττοῖς ἁδρυνομένοις, ὅτι φαγεῖν ἀγαθοὶ γίνονται, καὶ σπᾷ τοῖς ὄνυξιν.
It envies its chicks as they grow large, because they become good at eating, and so it tears them with its claws.
Μάχονται δὲ καὶ οἱ νεοττοὶ ἑαυτοῖς περὶ τῆς ἕδρας καὶ τῆς τροφῆς· ὁ δ’ ἐκβάλλει καὶ κόπτει αὐτούς· οἱ δ’ ἐκβαλλόμενοι βοῶσι, καὶ οὕτως ὑπολαμβάνει αὐτοὺς ἡ φήνη.
The chicks also fight among themselves for the perch and the food; and he casts them out and strikes them; and those being cast out cry, and thus the phene takes them up.
Ἡ δὲ φήνη ἐπάργεμός τ’ ἐστὶ καὶ πεπήρωται τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς· ὁ δ’ ἁλιάετος ὀξυωπέστατος μέν ἐστι, καὶ τὰ τέκνα ἀναγκάζει ἔτι ψιλὰ ὄντα πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον βλέπειν, καὶ τὸν μὴ βουλόμενον κόπτει καὶ στρέφει, καὶ ὁποτέρου ἂν ἔμπροσθεν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ δακρύσωσιν, τοῦτον ἀποκτείνει, τὸν δ’ ἕτερον ἐκτρέφει.
The phene is dim-sighted and has impaired eyes; but the sea-eagle is extremely sharp-sighted, and forces its chicks while they are still featherless to look at the sun, and strikes and turns the one that is unwilling, and whichever one's eyes weep first, this one it kills, but the other it rears.
Διατρίβει δὲ περὶ θάλατταν, καὶ ζῇ θηρεύων τοὺς περὶ τὴν θάλατταν ὄρνιθας, ὥσπερ εἴρηται.
It spends its time around the sea, and lives by hunting the birds around the sea, just as has been said.
Θηρεύει δ’ ἀπολαμβάνων καθ’ ἕνα, παρατηρῶν ἀναδυόμενον ἐκ τῆς θαλάττης.
It hunts by isolating them one by one, watching for them as they emerge from the sea.
Ὅταν δ’ ἴδῃ ὁ ὄρνις ἀνακύπτων τὸν ἁλιάετον, πάλιν φοβηθεὶς καταδύεται ὡς ἑτέρᾳ ἀνακύψων· ὁ δὲ διὰ τὸ ὀξὺ ὁρᾶν ἀεὶ πέτεται, ἕως ἂν ἀποπνίξῃ ἢ λάβῃ μετέωρον.
And when the bird, rising to the surface, sees the sea-eagle, in fear it dives down again to rise elsewhere; but the sea-eagle, because of its sharp sight, flies continually until it drowns it or catches it in mid-air.
Ἀθρόαις γὰρ οὐκ ἐπιχειρεῖ· ῥαίνουσαι γὰρ ἀπερύκουσι ταῖς πτέρυξιν.
For it does not attack them when they are in a flock; for by splashing they keep it off with their wings.
§9.35Οἱ δὲ κέπφοι ἁλίσκονται τῷ ἀφρῷ· κάπτουσι γὰρ αὐτόν, διὸ προσραίνοντες θηρεύουσιν.
The cepphi are caught by means of foam; for they gulp it down, wherefore people hunt them by sprinkling it on them.
Ἔχει δὲ τὴν μὲν ἄλλην σάρκα εὐώδη, τὸ δὲ πυγαῖον μόνον θινὸς ὄζει.
Their other flesh is sweet-smelling, but the rump alone smells of the shore.
Γίνονται δὲ πίονες.
And they become fat.
§9.36Τῶν δ’ ἱεράκων κράτιστος μὲν ὁ τριόρχης, δεύτερος δ’ ὁ αἰσάλων, τρίτος ὁ κίρκος.
Among the hawks, the buzzard is the strongest, second is the merlin, and third is the harrier.
Ὁ δὲ ἀστερίας καὶ ὁ φασσοφόνος καὶ ὁ πτέρνις ἀλλοῖοι.
The asterias, the pigeon-killer, and the pternis are different.
Οἱ δὲ πλατύτεροι ἱέρακες ὑποτριόρχαι καλοῦνται, ἄλλοι δὲ πέρκοι καὶ σπιζίαι, οἱ δὲ λεῖοι καὶ οἱ φρυνολόγοι· οὗτοι εὐβιώτατοι καὶ χθαμαλοπτῆται.
The broader hawks are called sub-buzzards, and others are perci and spiziae, and the smooth ones and the toad-catchers; these live very easily and fly low.
Γένη δὲ τῶν ἱεράκων φασί τινες εἶναι οὐκ ἐλάττω τῶν δέκα, διαφέρουσι δ’ ἀλλήλων· οἱ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καθημένην τύπτουσι τὴν περιστερὰν καὶ συναρπάζουσι, πετομένης δ’ οὐ θιγγάνουσιν· οἱ δ’ ἐπὶ δένδρου μὲν ἤ τινος ἄλλου καθημένην θηρεύουσιν, ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς δ’ οὔσης ἢ μετεώρου οὐχ ἅπτονται· οἱ δ’ οὔτ’ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς οὔτ’ ἐπ’ ἄλλου καθημένης θιγγάνουσιν, ἀλλὰ πετομένην πειρῶνται λαμβάνειν.
Some say that the kinds of hawks are not fewer than ten, and they differ from one another; for some of them strike the pigeon as it sits on the ground and snatch it away, but do not touch it when it is flying; others hunt it when it sits on a tree or something else, but when it is on the ground or in mid-air they do not touch it; and others touch it neither when it sits on the ground nor on anything else, but try to catch it when it is flying.
Φασὶ δὲ καὶ τὰς περιστερὰς γινώσκειν ἕκαστον τούτων τῶν γενῶν, ὥστε προσπετομένων, ἐὰν μὲν ᾖ τῶν μετεωροθήρων, μένειν ὅπου ἂν καθήμεναι τύχωσιν, ἐὰν δ’ ᾖ τῶν χαμαιτύπων ὁ προσπετόμενος, οὐχ ὑπομένειν ἀλλ’ ἀναπέτεσθαι.
And they say that the pigeons also recognize each of these kinds, so that when they fly towards them, if it is one of the mid-air hunters, they remain wherever they happen to be sitting, but if the one flying towards them is of the ground-strikers, they do not remain but fly away.
Ἐν δὲ Θρᾴκῃ τῇ καλουμένῃ ποτὲ Κεδρειπόλει ἐν τῷ ἕλει θηρεύουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τὰ ὀρνίθια κοινῇ μετὰ τῶν ἱεράκων· οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἔχοντες ξύλα σοβοῦσι τὸν κάλαμον καὶ τὴν ὕλην, ἵνα πέτωνται τὰ ὀρνίθια, οἱ δ’ ἱέρακες ἄνωθεν ὑπερφαινόμενοι καταδιώκουσιν· ταῦτα δὲ φοβούμενα κάτω πέτονται πάλιν πρὸς τὴν γῆν· οἱ δ’ ἄνθρωποι τύπτοντες τοῖς ξύλοις λαμβάνουσι, καὶ τῆς θήρας μεταδιδόασιν αὐτοῖς· ῥίπτουσι γὰρ τῶν ὀρνίθων, οἱ δὲ ὑπολαμβάνουσιν.
In Thrace, at the place once called Cedreipolis, men hunt small birds in the marsh in common with the hawks; for the men holding sticks shake the reeds and the brushwood so that the small birds fly up, and the hawks appearing from above pursue them; and these in fear fly down again towards the ground; and the men striking them with their sticks capture them, and share the prey with the hawks; for they throw some of the birds, and the hawks catch them.
Καὶ περὶ τὴν Μαιῶτιν δὲ λίμνην τοὺς λύκους φασὶ συνήθεις εἶναι τοῖς ποιουμένοις τὴν θήραν τῶν ἰχθύων· ὅταν δὲ μὴ μεταδιδῶσι, διαφθείρειν αὐτῶν τὰ δίκτυα ξηραινόμενα ἐν τῇ γῇ.
And around the Maeotian lake, they say the wolves are companions to those who do the fishing; and when they do not share, the wolves destroy their nets while they are drying on the ground.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τοὺς ὄρνιθας τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον·
So then, matters concerning birds are in this manner.