§9.1#2Πόλεμος μὲν οὖν πρὸς ἄλληλα τοῖς ζῴοις ἐστίν, ὅσα τοὺς αὐτούς τε κατέχει τόπους καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν ποιεῖται τὴν ζωήν·
War, then, exists among animals against one another, namely, all those that occupy the same places and derive their livelihood from the same things.
ἐὰν γὰρ ᾖ σπάνιος ἡ τροφή, καὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα τὰ ὁμόφυλα μάχεται, ἐπεὶ καὶ τὰς φώκας φασὶ πολεμεῖν τὰς περὶ τὸν αὐτὸν τόπον, καὶ ἄρρενι ἄρρενα καὶ θηλείᾳ θήλειαν, ἕως ἂν ἀποκτείνῃ ἢ ἐκβληθῇ θάτερον ὑπὸ θατέρου· καὶ τὰ σκυμνία ὡσαύτως πάντα.
For if food is scarce, even those of the same species fight against one another; since they say that even seals in the same place wage war, male against male and female against female, until one is killed or expelled by the other; and all their young likewise.
Ἔτι δὲ τοῖς ὠμοφάγοις ἅπαντα πολεμεῖ, καὶ ταῦτα τοῖς ἄλλοις· ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν ζῴων ἡ τροφὴ αὐτοῖς·
Furthermore, all animals wage war against the flesh-eaters, and these against the others; for their food is derived from animals.
ὅθεν καὶ τὰς διεδρίας καὶ τὰς συνεδρίας οἱ μάντεις λαμβάνουσι, δίεδρα μὲν τὰ πολέμια τιθέντες, σύνεδρα δὲ τὰ εἰρηνοῦντα πρὸς ἄλληλα.
Hence also the diviners derive the omens of separate-sitting and joint-sitting, setting the hostile as separate-sitting and those at peace with one another as joint-sitting.
Κινδυνεύει δέ, εἰ ἀφθονία τροφῆς εἴη, πρός τε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἂν ἔχειν τιθασσῶς τὰ νῦν φοβούμενα αὐτῶν καὶ ἀγριαίνοντα, καὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον.
And there is a probability that, if there were an abundance of food, even those of them that are now feared and wild would behave tamely both towards humans and, in the same manner, towards one another.
Δῆλον δὲ ποιεῖ τοῦτο ἡ περὶ Αἴγυπτον ἐπιμέλεια τῶν ζῴων· διὰ γὰρ τὸ τροφὴν ὑπάρχειν καὶ μὴ ἀπορεῖν μετ’ ἀλλήλων ζῶσι καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ ἀγριώτατα· διὰ τὰς ὠφελείας γὰρ ἡμεροῦται, οἷον ἐνιαχοῦ τὸ τῶν κροκοδείλων γένος πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα διὰ τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν τὴν τῆς τροφῆς.
The care of animals in Egypt makes this clear; for because food is available and they do not lack it, even the wildest animals live together with one another; for they are tamed because of the benefits, just as in some places the genus of crocodiles is friendly towards the priest because of the care of food.
Τὸ δ’ αὐτὸ τοῦτ’ ἔστιν ἰδεῖν καὶ περὶ τὰς ἄλλας χώρας γινόμενον, καὶ κατὰ μόρια τούτων.
The same thing can be see happening in other countries also, and in parts of them.
Ἔστι δ’ ἀετὸς καὶ δράκων πολέμια· τροφὴν γὰρ ποιεῖται τοὺς ὄφεις ὁ ἀετός.
The eagle and the snake are hostile; for the eagle makes the serpents its food.
Καὶ ἰχνεύμων καὶ φάλαγξ· θηρεύει γὰρ τοὺς φάλαγγας ὁ ἰχνεύμων.
And the ichneumon and the phalanx spider; for the ichneumon hunts the phalanx spiders.
Τῶν δ’ ὀρνίθων ποικιλίδες καὶ κορυδῶνες καὶ πίπρα καὶ χλωρεύς· τὰ γὰρ ᾠὰ κατεσθίουσιν ἀλλήλων.
Among birds, the poecilis, larks, pipra, and greenfinch are hostile; for they eat each other's eggs.
Καὶ κορώνη καὶ γλαύξ· ἡ μὲν γὰρ τῆς μεσημβρίας, διὰ τὸ μὴ ὀξὺ βλέπειν τὴν γλαῦκα τῆς ἡμέρας, κατεσθίει ὑφαρπάζουσα αὐτῆς τὰ ᾠά, ἡ δὲ γλαὺξ τῆς νυκτὸς τὰ τῆς κορώνης, καὶ κρείττων ἡ μὲν τῆς ἡμέρας ἡ δὲ τῆς νυκτός ἐστιν.
And the crow and the owl; for the crow by day, because the owl does not see sharply in the daytime, snatches and eats her eggs, and the owl by night eats those of the crow, and the former is stronger by day, the latter by night.
Καὶ γλαὺξ δὲ καὶ ὄρχιλος πολέμια· τὰ γὰρ ᾠὰ κατεσθίει καὶ οὗτος τῆς γλαυκός.
And the owl and the wren are also hostile; for the wren also eats the eggs of the owl.
Τῆς δὲ ἡμέρας καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ὀρνίθια τὴν γλαῦκα περιπέταται, ὃ καλεῖται θαυμάζειν, καὶ προσπετόμενα τίλλουσιν· διὸ οἱ ὀρνιθοθῆραι θηρεύουσιν αὐτῇ παντοδαπὰ ὀρνίθια.
And by day, other small birds also fly around the owl, which is called "wondering," and flying at her, they pluck her feathers; wherefore bird-catchers hunt all kinds of small birds with her.
Πολέμιος δὲ καὶ ὁ πρέσβυς καλούμενος καὶ γαλῆ καὶ κορώνη· τὰ γὰρ ᾠὰ καὶ τοὺς νεοττοὺς κατεσθίουσιν αὐτῆς.
And the bird called presbys is also hostile, as well as the weasel and the crow; for they eat her eggs and her young.
Καὶ τρυγὼν καὶ πυραλλίς· τόπος γὰρ τῆς νομῆς καὶ βίος ὁ αὐτός.
And the turtle-dove and the pyrallis; for the place of feeding and their life are the same.
Καὶ κελεὸς καὶ λιβυός.
And the green woodpecker and the libyus.
Ἰκτῖνος δὲ καὶ κόραξ· ὑφαιρεῖται γὰρ τοῦ κόρακος ὁ ἰκτῖνος ὅ τι ἂν ἔχῃ διὰ τὸ κρείττων εἶναι τοῖς ὄνυξι καὶ τῇ πτήσει, ὥστε ἡ τροφὴ ποιεῖ πολεμίους καὶ τούτους.
And the kite and the raven; for the kite robs the raven of whatever he has because he is stronger in his talons and in flight, so that food makes these also hostile.
Ἔτι οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάττης ζῶντες ἀλλήλοις, οἷον βρένθος καὶ λάρος καὶ ἅρπη.
Moreover, those that live from the sea are hostile to one another, such as the brenthus, the gull, and the harpe.
Τριόρχης δὲ καὶ φρῦνος καὶ ὄφις· κατεσθίει γὰρ ὁ τριόρχης αὐτούς.
And the triorches, the toad, and the snake; for the triorches eats them.
Τρυγὼν δὲ καὶ χλωρεύς· ἀποκτείνει γὰρ τὴν τρυγόνα ὁ χλωρεύς, καὶ ἡ κορώνη τὸν καλούμενον τύπανον.
And the turtle-dove and the greenfinch; for the greenfinch kills the turtle-dove, and the crow kills the bird called typanus.
Τὸν δὲ κάλαριν ὁ αἰγωλιὸς καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι γαμψώνυχες κατεσθίουσιν· ὅθεν ὁ πόλεμος αὐτοῖς.
And the aegolius and other birds with crooked talons eat the calaris; hence the war between them.
Πόλεμος δὲ καὶ ἀσκαλαβώτῃ καὶ ἀράχνῃ· κατεσθίει γὰρ τοὺς ἀράχνας ὁ ἀσκαλαβώτης.
And there is war between the gecko and the spider; for the gecko eats spiders.
Πίπῳ δὲ καὶ ἐρωδιῷ· τὰ γὰρ ᾠὰ κατεσθίει καὶ τοὺς νεοττοὺς τοῦ ἐρωδιοῦ.
And between the pipo and the heron; for the pipo eats the eggs and the young of the heron.
Αἰγίθῳ δὲ καὶ ὄνῳ πόλεμος διὰ τὸ παριόντα τὸν ὄνον κνήθεσθαι εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας τὰ ἕλκη· διά τε οὖν τοῦτο, κἂν ὀγκήσηται, ἐκβάλλει τὰ ᾠὰ καὶ τοὺς νεοττούς· φοβούμενοι γὰρ ἐκπίπτουσιν· ὁ δὲ διὰ τὴν βλάβην ταύτην κολάπτει ἐπιπετόμενος τὰ ἕλκη αὐτοῦ.
And there is war between the aegithus and the donkey because the donkey, in passing, rubs his sores against the thorns; for this reason, therefore, and if the donkey brays, the bird casts out her eggs and young; for fearing, they fall out; and the bird, because of this damage, flies at him and pecks his sores.
Λύκος δ’ ὄνῳ καὶ ταύρῳ καὶ ἀλώπεκι πολέμιος· ὠμοφάγος γὰρ ὢν ἐπιτίθεται τοῖς βουσὶ καὶ τοῖς ὄνοις καὶ τῇ ἀλώπεκι.
And the wolf is hostile to the donkey, the bull, and the fox; for being a flesh-eater, he attacks cattle, donkeys, and the fox.
Καὶ ἀλώπηξ δὲ καὶ κίρκος διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν· γαμψώνυχος γὰρ ὢν καὶ ὠμοφάγος ἐπιτίθεται καὶ ἕλκη ποιεῖ κόπτων.
And the fox and the hawk are also hostile for the same reason; for the hawk, having crooked talons and being a flesh-eater, attacks and inflicts wounds by pecking.
Καὶ κόραξ ταύρῳ καὶ ὄνῳ πολέμιος διὰ τὸ τύπτειν ἐπιπετόμενος αὐτοὺς καὶ τὰ ὄμματα κολάπτειν αὐτῶν.
And the raven is hostile to the bull and the donkey, because he flies at them, striking them and pecking their eyes.
Πολεμεῖ δὲ καὶ ἀετὸς καὶ ἐρωδιός· γαμψώνυχος γὰρ ὢν ὁ ἀετὸς ἐπιτίθεται, ὁ δ’ ἀποθνήσκει ἀμυνόμενος.
And the eagle and the heron also fight; for the eagle, having crooked talons, attacks, and the heron dies defending itself.