§8.4Τὰ δὲ φολιδωτὰ τῶν ζῴων, οἷον σαῦρός τε καὶ τὰ τετράποδα τἆλλα καὶ οἱ ὄφεις, παμφάγα ἐστίν· καὶ γὰρ σαρκοφάγα, καὶ πόαν ἐσθίουσιν.
The scaly animals, such as the lizard and other quadrupeds and snakes, are omnivorous; for they are both carnivorous and eat grass.
Οἱ δ’ ὄφεις καὶ λιχνότατοι τῶν ζῴων εἰσίν.
And snakes are the most gluttonous of all animals.
Ἔστι μὲν οὖν ὀλιγόποτα καὶ ταῦτα καὶ τἆλλα ὅσα ἔχει τὸν πλεύμονα σομφόν· ἔχουσι δὲ σομφὸν τὰ ὀλίγαιμα πάντα καὶ τὰ ᾠοτόκα.
Now, these as well as all other animals that have a spongy lung drink little; and all animals with little blood and egg-laying animals have a spongy lung.
Οἱ δ’ ὄφεις καὶ πρὸς τὸν οἶνόν εἰσιν ἀκρατεῖς, διὸ θηρεύουσί τινες καὶ τοὺς ἔχεις εἰς ὀστράκια διατιθέντες οἶνον εἰς τὰς αἱμασιάς· λαμβάνονται γὰρ μεθύοντες.
And snakes also lack control over wine, wherefore some hunt vipers by placing wine in earthen pots near stone walls; for they are captured when drunk.
Σαρκοφάγοι δ’ ὄντες οἱ ὄφεις, ὅ τι ἂν λάβωσι ζῷον, ἐξικμάζοντες ὅλα κατὰ τὴν ὑποχώρησιν προΐενται.
Being carnivorous, snakes, whatever animal they catch, discharge it whole through the evacuation passage after extracting all its moisture.
Σχεδὸν δὲ καὶ τἆλλα τὰ τοιαῦτα, οἷον οἱ ἀράχναι· ἀλλ’ ἔξω οἱ ἀράχναι ἐκχυμίζουσιν, οἱ δ’ ὄφεις ἐν τῇ κοιλίᾳ.
And virtually all other such creatures do the same, like spiders; but spiders extract the juice outside, whereas snakes do so inside the belly.
Λαμβάνει μὲν οὖν ὁ ὄφις ὅθεν ἂν τύχῃ τὸ διδόμενον (ἐσθίει γὰρ καὶ ὀρνίθια καὶ θηρία, καὶ ᾠὰ καταπίνει), λαβὼν δ’ ἐπανάγει, ἕως ἂν ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον ἐλθὼν εἰς εὐθὺ καταστήσῃ, κἄπειθ’ οὕτω συνάγει ἑαυτὸν καὶ συστέλλει εἰς μικρὸν ὥστ’ ἐκταθέντος κάτω γίνεσθαι τὸ καταποθέν.
The snake, then, seizes what is given to it from wherever it happens to catch it (for it eats small birds and beasts, and swallows eggs), and having seized it, it maneuvers it until, coming to the end, it aligns it straight, and then gathers and contracts itself into a small space, so that as it is stretched out, the swallowed item goes down.
Ταῦτα δὲ ποιεῖ διὰ τὸ τὸν στόμαχον εἶναι λεπτὸν καὶ μακρόν.
And it does this because its esophagus is narrow and long.
Δύναται δ’ ἄσιτα καὶ τὰ φαλάγγια καὶ οἱ ὄφεις πολὺν χρόνον ζῆν· ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο θεωρῆσαι ἐκ τῶν παρὰ τοῖς φαρμακοπώλαις τρεφομένων.
Both venomous spiders and snakes can live without food for a long time; and this can be observed from those kept by druggists.
§8.5Τῶν δὲ τετραπόδων καὶ ζῳοτόκων τὰ μὲν ἄγρια καὶ καρχαρόδοντα πάντα σαρκοφάγα· πλὴν τοὺς λύκους φασίν, ὅταν πεινῶσιν, ἐσθίειν τινὰ γῆν, μόνον δὴ τοῦτο τῶν ζῴων·
Of the quadrupeds and viviparous animals, those that are wild and have saw-like teeth are all carnivorous; except they say that wolves, when they are hungry, eat some earth, alone indeed of all animals.
πόας δ’ ἄλλοτε μὲν οὐχ ἅπτονται, ὅταν δὲ κάμνωσι, καθάπερ καὶ αἱ κύνες ἐσθίουσαι ἀνεμοῦσι καὶ καθαίρονται.
At other times they do not touch grass, but when they are sick, just like dogs, they eat it, vomit, and purge themselves.
Ἀνθρωποφαγοῦσι δ’ οἱ μονοπεῖραι τῶν λύκων μᾶλλον [αὐτῶν] ἢ τὰ κυνηγέσια.
Solitary wolves eat humans more than those that hunt in packs.
Ὃν δὲ καλοῦσιν οἱ μὲν γλάνον οἱ δ’ ὕαιναν, ἔστι μὲν τὸ μέγεθος οὐκ ἐλάττων λύκου, χαίτην δ’ ἔχει ὥσπερ ἵππος, καὶ ἔτι σκληροτέρας καὶ βαθυτέρας τὰς τρίχας, καὶ καθ’ ὅλης τῆς ῥάχεως· ἐπιβουλεύει δὲ καὶ θηρεύει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, τοὺς δὲ κύνας καὶ ἐμοῦσα θηρεύει ὥσπερ οἱ ἄνθρωποι· καὶ τυμβωρυχεῖ δὲ ἐφιέμενον τῆς σαρκοφαγίας τῆς τοιαύτης.
The animal which some call glanos and others hyena is in size not smaller than a wolf, and has a mane like a horse, and hairs still stiffer and thicker, and along the whole spine; and it plots against and hunts humans, and it also hunts dogs by mimicking vomiting, as humans do; and it robs graves, desiring such kind of flesh.
Ἡ δ’ ἄρκτος παμφάγον ἐστί.
The bear is omnivorous.
Καὶ γὰρ καρπὸν ἐσθίει, καὶ ἀναβαίνει ἐπὶ τὰ δένδρα διὰ τὴν ὑγρότητα τοῦ σώματος, καὶ τοὺς καρποὺς τοὺς χέδροπας· ἐσθίει δὲ καὶ μέλι τὰ σμήνη καταγνύουσα, καὶ καρκίνους καὶ μύρμηκας, καὶ σαρκοφαγεῖ.
For it eats fruit, and climbs up trees because of the flexibility of its body, and also eats legumes; and it also eats honey by breaking up the hives, and crabs and ants, and is carnivorous.
Διὰ γὰρ τὴν ἰσχὺν ἐπιτίθεται οὐ μόνον τοῖς ἐλάφοις ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἀγρίοις ὑσίν, ἐὰν δύνηται λαθεῖν ἐπιπεσοῦσα, καὶ τοῖς ταύροις· ὁμόσε χωρήσασα γὰρ τῷ ταύρῳ κατὰ πρόσωπον ὑπτία καταπίπτει, καὶ τοῦ ταύρου τύπτειν ἐπιχειροῦντος τοῖς μὲν βραχίοσι τὰ κέρατα περιλαμβάνει, τῷ δὲ στόματι τὴν ἀκρωμίαν δακοῦσα καταβάλλει τὸν ταῦρον.
For because of its strength it attacks not only deer but also wild boars, if it can surprise them by falling upon them, and bulls; for having closed with the bull face to face, it falls on its back, and when the bull attempts to strike, it clasps the horns with its forelegs, and biting the shoulder-girdle with its mouth, it throws the bull down.
Βαδίζει δ’ ἐπί τινα χρόνον ὀλίγον καὶ τοῖν δυοῖν ποδοῖν ὀρθή.
And it also walks for a short time upright on its two feet.
Τὰ δὲ κρέα πάντα κατεσθίει προσήπουσα πρῶτον.
And it devours all meat after first letting it decompose.
Ὁ δὲ λέων σαρκοφάγον μέν ἐστιν, ὥσπερ καὶ τἆλλα ὅσα ἄγρια καὶ καρχαρόδοντα, τῇ δὲ βρώσει χρῆται λάβρως, καὶ καταπίνει πολλὰ ὅλα οὐ διαιρῶν, εἶθ’ ἡμέρας δύο ἢ τρεῖς ἀσιτεῖ· δύναται γὰρ διὰ τὸ ὑπερπληροῦσθαι.
The lion is carnivorous, like all other wild and saw-toothed animals, and eats greedily, swallowing many things whole without dividing them, and then fasts for two or three days; for it is able to do so because of overfilling itself.
Ὀλιγόποτον δ’ ἐστίν.
And it drinks little.
Τὸ δὲ περίττωμα προΐεται σπανίως· διὰ τρίτης γὰρ ἢ ὅπως ἂν τύχῃ προχωρεῖ, καὶ τοῦτο ξηρὸν καὶ ἐξικμασμένον, ὅμοιον κυνί.
And it discharges its excrement rarely; for it passes once in three days or as it may happen, and this is dry and devoid of moisture, like a dog's.
Προΐεται δὲ καὶ τὴν φῦσαν σφόδρα δριμεῖαν καὶ τὸ οὖρον ἔχον ὀσμήν, διόπερ οἱ κύνες ὀσφραίνονται τῶν δένδρων· οὐρεῖ γὰρ αἴρων τὸ σκέλος ὥσπερ οἱ κύνες.
And it also emits a very pungent wind and urine having a strong smell, wherefore dogs sniff at the trees; for it urinates lifting its leg, just like dogs.
Ἐμποιεῖ δὲ καὶ ὀσμὴν βαρεῖαν ἐν τοῖς ἐσθιομένοις καταπνέων· καὶ γὰρ ἀνοιχθέντος αὐτοῦ τὰ ἔσω ἀτμίδα ἀφίησι βαρεῖαν.
And it also imparts a heavy odor to the things it eats by breathing upon them; for even when it is opened, its innards emit a heavy vapor.
Ἔνια δὲ τῶν τετραπόδων καὶ ἀγρίων ζῴων ποιεῖται τὴν τροφὴν περὶ λίμνας καὶ ποταμούς· περὶ δὲ τὴν θάλατταν οὐδὲν ἔξω φώκης.
Some of the quadrupeds and wild animals obtain their food around lakes and rivers; but around the sea, none except the seal.
Τοιαῦτα δ’ ἐστὶν ὅ τε καλούμενος κάστωρ-καὶ τὸ σαθέριον καὶ τὸ σατύριον καὶ ἐνυδρὶς καὶ ἡ καλουμένη λάταξ· ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο πλατύτερον τῆς ἐνυδρίδος, καὶ ὀδόντας ἔχει ἰσχυρούς· ἐξιοῦσα γὰρ νύκτωρ πολλάκις τὰς περὶ τὸν ποταμὸν κερκίδας ἐκτέμνει τοῖς ὀδοῦσιν.
Such are the so-called beaver, the satherion, the saturion, the otter, and the so-called latax; and this is broader than the otter, and has strong teeth; for going out at night, it often cuts down the willows around the river with its teeth.
Δάκνει δὲ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ ἡ ἐνυδρίς, καὶ οὐκ ἀφίησιν, ὡς λέγουσι, μέχρι ἂν ὀστοῦ ψόφον ἀκούσῃ.
The otter also bites humans, and does not let go, as they say, until it hears the cracking of the bone.
Τὸ δὲ τρίχωμα ἔχει ἡ λάταξ σκληρόν, καὶ τὸ εἶδος μεταξὺ τοῦ τῆς φώκης τριχώματος καὶ τοῦ τῆς ἐλάφου.
And the latax has coarse hair, and its appearance is intermediate between the hair of a seal and that of a deer.