§8.19Τῶν δ’ ἰχθύων τὸ πλεῖστον γένος εὐθηνεῖ μᾶλλον, ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, ἐν τοῖς ἐπομβρίοις ἔτεσιν· οὐ γὰρ μόνον τότε πλείω τροφὴν ἔχουσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅλως τὸ ὄμβριον συμφέρει, καθάπερ καὶ τοῖς ἐκ τῆς γῆς φυομένοις·
The majority of the genus of fish thrive more, as was said before, in rainy years; for not only do they have more food at that time, but also on the whole rainy water is beneficial, just as it is for plants growing from the earth.
καὶ γὰρ τὰ λάχανα καίπερ ἀρδευόμενα ὅμως ἐπιδίδωσιν ὑόμενα πλέον.
Indeed, vegetables, even though they are watered, nevertheless grow more when it rains.
Τὸ δ’ αὐτὸ καὶ οἱ κάλαμοι πάσχουσιν οἱ πεφυκότες ἐν ταῖς λίμναις· οὐθὲν γὰρ ὡς εἰπεῖν αὐξάνονται μὴ γινομένων ὑδάτων.
The reeds growing in lakes experience the same; for they do not grow at all, so to speak, if there is no rain.
Σημεῖον δὲ καὶ τὸ τοὺς πλείστους τῶν ἰχθύων εἰς τὸν Πόντον ἐκτοπίζειν θεριοῦντας· διὰ γὰρ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ποταμῶν γλυκύτερον τὸ ὕδωρ, καὶ τροφὴν οἱ ποταμοὶ καταφέρουσι πολλήν.
A sign of this is also the fact that most fish migrate to the Pontus to spend the summer; for because of the multitude of rivers the water is sweeter, and the rivers bring down much food.
Ἔτι δὲ καὶ εἰς τοὺς ποταμοὺς ἀναπλέουσι πολλοὶ τῶν ἰχθύων, καὶ εὐθηνοῦσιν ἐν τοῖς ποταμοῖς καὶ ἐν ταῖς λίμναις, οἷον ἄμια καὶ κεστρεύς.
Furthermore, many of the fish swim up into the rivers, and thrive in the rivers and in the lakes, such as the amia and the cestreus.
Γίνονται δὲ καὶ οἱ κωβιοὶ πίονες ἐν τοῖς ποταμοῖς· καὶ ὅλως τὰ εὔλιμνα τῶν χωρίων ἀρίστους ἔχει ἰχθῦς.
Gobies also become fat in the rivers; and on the whole, well-laked regions produce the best fish.
Αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν ὑδάτων οἱ θερινοὶ ὄμβροι μᾶλλον συμφέρουσι τοῖς πλείστοις ἰχθύσι, καὶ ὅταν τὸ ἔαρ καὶ τὸ θέρος καὶ τὸ φθινόπωρον γένηται ἔπομβρον, ὁ δὲ χειμὼν εὐδιεινός.
Of the waters themselves, summer rains are more beneficial to most fish, and when spring, summer, and autumn are rainy, but the winter is mild.
Ὡς δ’ εἰπεῖν ὅλως ὅταν καὶ κατὰ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους εὐετηρία ᾖ, καὶ τοῖς πλείστοις ἰχθύσι συμβαίνει εὐημερεῖν.
To speak generally, when there is a good season for humans, it also happens that most fish thrive.
Ἐν δὲ τοῖς ψυχροῖς τόποις οὐκ εὐθηνοῦσιν.
But in cold places they do not thrive.
Μάλιστα δὲ πονοῦσιν ἐν τοῖς χειμῶσιν οἱ ἔχοντες λίθον ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ, οἷον χρόμις, λάβραξ, σκίαινα, φάγρος· διὰ γὰρ τὸν λίθον ὑπὸ τοῦ ψύχους καταπήγνυνται καὶ ἐκπίπτουσιν.
Those that suffer most in winters are those that have a stone in their head, such as the chromis, labrax, sciaena, and phagros; for because of the stone they are frozen by the cold and cast ashore.
Τοῖς μὲν οὖν πλείστοις ἰχθύσι συμφέρει μᾶλλον, κεστρεῖ δὲ καὶ κεφάλῳ καὶ ὃν καλοῦσί τινες μύρινον τοὐναντίον· ὑπὸ γὰρ τῶν ὀμβρίων ὑδάτων ἀποτυφλοῦνται οἱ πολλοὶ αὐτῶν θᾶττον, ἂν λίαν ὑπερβάλλωσιν.
Thus, while for most fish it is more beneficial, for the cestreus, the cephalus, and the one which some call myrinos, the opposite is true; for by the rainy waters most of them are blinded more quickly, if they exceed in excess.
Εἰώθασι γὰρ πάσχειν αὐτὸ οἱ κέφαλοι ἐν τοῖς χειμῶσι μᾶλλον· γίνεται γὰρ τὰ ὄμματα αὐτῶν λευκά, καὶ ἁλίσκονται τότε λεπτοί, καὶ τέλος ἀπόλλυνται πάμπαν.
For the cephali are accustomed to suffer this more in winters; for their eyes become white, and they are then caught lean, and finally perish altogether.
Ἔοικε δ’ οὐ διὰ τὴν ὑπερομβρίαν τοῦτο πάσχειν μᾶλλον, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ ψῦχος· ἤδη γοῦν καὶ ἄλλοθι καὶ περὶ Ναυπλίαν τῆς Ἀργείας περὶ τὸ τέναγος πολλοὶ τυφλοὶ ἐλήφθησαν ἰσχυροῦ γενομένου ψύχους· ἐλήφθησαν δὲ πολλοὶ καὶ λευκὴν ἔχοντες τὴν ὄψιν.
But they seem to suffer this not so much because of the excessive rain, but because of the cold; indeed, elsewhere and around Nauplia in Argolis near the swamp, many blind fish were caught when a severe cold occurred; and many were also caught having their sight white.
Πονεῖ δὲ τοῦ χειμῶνος καὶ ὁ χρύσοφρυς, τοῦ δὲ θέρους ὁ ἀχάρνας, καὶ γίνεται λεπτός.
The chrysophrys also suffers in winter, and the acharnas in summer, and becomes lean.
Συμφέρει δὲ τοῖς κορακίνοις ὡς εἰπεῖν παρὰ τοὺς ἄλλους ἰχθῦς τὰ αὐχμώδη μᾶλλον τῶν ἐτῶν· καὶ τούτοις δὲ διὰ τὸ συμβαίνειν ἀλέαν μᾶλλον ἐν τοῖς αὐχμοῖς.
But dry years are, so to speak, more beneficial to the coracini than to other fish; and for these, this is because there happens to be more warmth during droughts.
Τόποι δ’ ἑκάστοις συμφέρουσι πρὸς εὐθηνίαν, ὅσα μέν ἐστι φύσει παράγεια ἢ πελάγια, ἐν ἑκατέρῳ τούτων, ὅσα δ’ ἐπαμφοτερίζει, ἐν ἀμφοτέροις· εἰσὶ δέ τινες καὶ ἴδιοι τόποι ἑκάστοις ἐν οἷς εὐθηνοῦσιν.
Each has places beneficial for their thriving: those that are by nature coastal or open-sea, in either of these; and those that are both, in both; and there are also some specific places for each in which they thrive.
Ὡς δ’ ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν οἱ φυκώδεις συμφέρουσιν· πιότεροι γοῦν ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις ἁλίσκονται, ὅσοι παντοδαποὺς νέμονται τόπους·
To speak simply, weedy places are beneficial; at least, they are caught fatter in such places, as many as feed in all kinds of places.
οἱ μὲν γὰρ φυκιοφάγοι τροφῆς εὐποροῦσιν, οἱ δὲ σαρκοφάγοι πλείοσιν ἐντυγχάνουσιν ἰχθύσιν.
For the weed-eaters have an abundance of food, and the carnivores fall in with more fish.
Διαφέρουσι δὲ καὶ τὰ βόρεια καὶ τὰ νότια· τὰ γὰρ μακρὰ μᾶλλον εὐθηνεῖ ἐν τοῖς βορείοις, καὶ τοῦ θέρους ἁλίσκονται ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ χωρίου πλείους τοῖς βορείοις τῶν μακρῶν καὶ τῶν πλατέων.
The northern and southern regions also differ; for the long fish thrive more in northern regions, and in summer more of the long and broad fish are caught in the same area with northern winds than with southern ones.
Οἱ δὲ θύννοι καὶ οἱ ξιφίαι οἰστρῶσι περὶ κυνὸς ἐπιτολήν· ἔχουσι γὰρ ἀμφότεροι τηνικαῦτα παρὰ τὰ πτερύγια οἷον σκωλήκιον τὸ καλούμενον οἶστρον, ὅμοιον μὲν σκορπίῳ, μέγεθος δ’ ἡλίκον ἀράχνης· ποιοῦσι δὲ ταῦτα πόνον τοιοῦτον ὥστ’ ἐξάλλεσθαι οὐκ ἔλαττον ἐνίοτε τὸν ξιφίαν τοῦ δελφῖνος, διὸ καὶ τοῖς πλοίοις πολλάκις ἐμπίπτουσιν.
Tunnies and swordfish are driven mad with pain about the rising of the Dog Star; for both have at that time near their fins a sort of small worm called the oestrus, similar to a scorpion, and in size as large as a spider; and these cause such pain that the swordfish sometimes leaps up no less than the dolphin, which is why they also frequently fall onto boats.
Χαίρουσι δ’ οἱ θύννοι μάλιστα τῶν ἰχθύων τῇ ἀλέᾳ, καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἄμμον τὴν πρὸς τῇ γῇ προσχωροῦσι τῆς ἀλέας ἕνεκεν, ὅτι θερμαίνονται, καὶ ἄνω ἐπιπολάζουσιν.
Tunnies enjoy warmth most of all fish, and they approach the sand near the shore for the sake of warmth, because they are warmed, and they float on the surface.
Τὰ δὲ μικρὰ τῶν ἰχθυδίων σώζεται διὰ τὸ παρορασθαι· διώκουσι γὰρ τὰ μείζω οἱ μεγάλοι.
The small ones among the little fish are saved by being overlooked; for the large ones pursue the larger.
Τῶν δ’ ᾠῶν καὶ τοῦ γόνου διαφθείρεται τὸ πολὺ διὰ τὰς ἀλέας· οὗ γὰρ ἂν ἐφάψωνται, πᾶν τοῦτο λυμαίνονται.
Much of the eggs and the spawn is destroyed because of the heat; for whatever they touch, they ruin all of this.
Ἁλίσκονται δὲ μάλιστα οἱ ἰχθύες πρὸ ἡλίου ἀνατολῆς καὶ μετὰ τὴν δύσιν, ὅλως δὲ περὶ δυσμὰς ἡλίου καὶ ἀνατολάς· οὗτοι γὰρ λέγονται εἶναι ὡραῖοι βόλοι, διὸ καὶ τὰ δίκτυα ταύτην τὴν ὥραν ἀναιροῦνται οἱ ἁλιεῖς.
Fish are caught mostly before sunrise and after sunset, and generally about sunset and sunrise; for these are said to be the seasonable catches, which is why the fishermen take up their nets at this hour.
Μάλιστα γὰρ ἀπατῶνται οἱ ἰχθύες τῇ ὄψει κατὰ τούτους τοὺς καιρούς· τῆς μὲν γὰρ νυκτὸς ἡσυχάζουσι, πλείονος δὲ γινομένου τοῦ φωτὸς μᾶλλον ὁρῶσιν.
For at these times fish are most deceived in their sight; for during the night they remain quiet, but as the light becomes greater they see more.
Νόσημα δὲ λοιμῶδες μὲν οὐδὲν εἰς τοὺς ἰχθῦς φαίνεται ἐμπῖπτον, οἷον ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων συμβαίνει πολλάκις καὶ τῶν ζῳοτόκων καὶ τετραπόδων εἰς ἵππους καὶ βοῦς, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων εἰς ἔνια καὶ ἥμερα καὶ ἄγρια· νοσεῖν μέντοι γε δοκοῦσιν· τεκμαίρονται δ’ οἱ ἁλιεῖς τῷ ἐνίους ἁλίσκεσθαι λεπτοὺς καὶ ἠσθενηκόσιν ὁμοίους καὶ τὸ χρῶμα μεταβεβληκότας ἐν πολλοῖς καὶ πίοσιν ἑαλωκότας καὶ τῷ γένει τῷ αὐτῷ.
No pestilential disease appears to fall upon fish, such as often happens to humans, and to viviparous quadrupeds to horses and cattle, and to some of the other animals, both tame and wild; however, they do seem to be diseased; and the fishermen infer this from the fact that some are caught lean and like those that have been weakened, and having changed color, among many fat ones of the same kind that have been caught.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν θαλαττίων τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον·
Concerning sea-fish, then, this is how it stands.