§8.17Τῶν δὲ ζῳοτόκων καὶ τετραπόδων φωλοῦσιν οἵ τε ὕστριχες καὶ αἱ ἄρκτοι.
Among the viviparous quadrupeds, the porcupines and the bears hibernate.
Ὅτι μὲν οὖν φωλοῦσιν αἱ ἄγριαι ἄρκτοι, φανερόν ἐστι, πότερον δὲ διὰ ψῦχος ἢ δι’ ἄλλην αἰτίαν, ἀμφισβητεῖται.
Now, that wild bears hibernate is obvious, but whether it is due to the cold or to some other cause is disputed.
Γίνονται γὰρ περὶ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον οἱ ἄρρενες καὶ αἱ θήλειαι πιότατοι, ὥστε μὴ εὐκίνητοι εἶναι.
For about this time both males and females become very fat, so that they are not easily moved.
Ἡ δὲ θήλεια καὶ τίκτει περὶ τοῦτον τὸν καιρόν, καὶ φωλεῖ ἕως ἂν ἐζάγειν ὥρα ᾖ τοὺς σκύμνους· τοῦτο δὲ ποιεῖ τοῦ ἔαρος περὶ τρίτον μῆνα ἀπὸ τροπῶν.
The female also gives birth around this time, and hibernates until it is time to lead out her cubs; and this she does in spring, about the third month after the winter solstice.
Τὸ δ’ ἐλάχιστον φωλεῖ περὶ τετταράκονθ’ ἡμέρας· τούτων δὲ δὶς ἑπτὰ λέγουσιν ἐν αἷς οὐδὲν κινεῖται, ἐν δὲ ταῖς πλείοσι ταῖς μετὰ ταῦτα φωλεῖ μὲν κινεῖται δὲ καὶ ἐγείρεται.
She hibernates for at least about forty days; and they say that during twice seven of these days she does not move at all, but in the greater number of days after these she hibernates but moves and wakes up.
Κύουσα δ’ ἄρκτος ἢ ὑπ’ οὐθενὸς ἢ πάνυ ὑπ’ ὀλίγων εἴληπται.
A pregnant bear has been captured either by no one or by very few indeed.
Ἐν δὲ τῷ χρόνῳ τούτῳ φανερόν ἐστιν ὅτι οὐθὲν ἐσθίουσιν· οὔτε γὰρ ἐξέρχονται, ὅταν τε ληφθῶσι, κενὰ φαίνεται ἥ τε κοιλία καὶ τὰ ἔντερα.
And during this time it is clear that they eat nothing; for they do not go out, and when they are captured, both their stomach and intestines appear empty.
Λέγεται δὲ καὶ διὰ τὸ μηδὲν προσφέρεσθαι τὸ ἔντερον ὀλίγου συμφύεσθαι αὐτῇ, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πρῶτον ἐξιοῦσαν γεύεσθαι τοῦ ἄρου πρὸς τὸ ἀφιστάναι τὸ ἔντερον καὶ διευρύνειν.
It is also said that because of taking in no food, her intestine almost adheres to her, and for this reason, on first going out, she tastes arum in order to separate and widen her intestine.
Φωλεῖ δὲ καὶ ὁ ἐλειὸς ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς δένδρεσι, καὶ γίνεται τότε παχύτατος· καὶ ὁ μῦς ὁ Ποντικὸς ὁ λευκός.
The dormouse also hibernates in the trees themselves, and then becomes very fat; and also the white Pontic mouse.
Τῶν δὲ φωλούντων ἔνιοι τὸ καλούμενον γῆρας ἐκδύνουσιν· ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο τὸ ἔσχατον δέρμα καὶ τὸ περὶ τὰς γενέσεις κέλυφος.
Among the hibernating animals, some cast off what is called "old age" (the slough); this is the outermost skin and the shell around births.
Τῶν μὲν οὖν πεζῶν καὶ ζῳοτόκων περὶ τῆς ἄρκτου ἀμφισβητεῖται ἡ αἰτία τῆς φωλείας, καθάπερ ἐλέχθη πρότερον· τὰ δὲ φολιδωτὰ φωλεῖ μὲν σχεδὸν τὰ πλεῖστα, ἐκδύνει δὲ τὸ γῆρας ὅσων τὸ δέρμα μαλακὸν μὴ ὀστρακῶδες ὥσπερ τῆς χελώνης (καὶ γὰρ ἡ χελώνη τῶν φολιδωτῶν ἐστὶ καὶ ὁ ἐμύς), ἀλλ’ οἷον ἀσκαλαβώτης τε καὶ σαῦρος καὶ μάλιστα πάντων οἱ ὄφεις· ἐκδύνουσι γὰρ καὶ τοῦ ἔαρος, ὅταν ἐξίωσι, καὶ τοῦ μετοπώρου πάλιν.
Now, among land-dwelling and viviparous animals, the cause of the bear's hibernation is disputed, as was said before; but almost most of the scaly animals hibernate, and those of them whose skin is soft cast off "old age", not being shell-like like that of the tortoise (for indeed the tortoise and the emys are among the scaly animals), but such as the gecko and the lizard, and most of all the snakes; for they cast it off both in spring when they come out, and again in autumn.
Ἐκδύνουσι δὲ καὶ οἱ ἔχεις τὸ γῆρας καὶ τοῦ ἔαρος καὶ τοῦ μετοπώρου, καὶ οὐχ ὥσπερ φασί τινες τοῦτο τὸ γένος τῶν ὄφεων μὴ ἐκδύεσθαι μόνον.
Vipers also cast off "old age" both in spring and in autumn, and it is not as some say, that this kind of snake alone does not shed its skin.
Ὅταν δὲ ἄρχωνται ἐκδύνειν οἱ ὄφεις, ἀπὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ἀφίσταται πᾶσι πρῶτον, ὥστε δοκεῖν γίνεσθαι τυφλοὺς τοῖς μὴ συννοοῦσι τὸ πάθος· μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς, καὶ λευκὴ φαίνεται πάντων.
When snakes begin to shed, it separates first from the eyes for all of them, so that they seem to become blind to those who do not understand the condition; after this, from the head, and it appears white for all of them.
Ἐν νυκτὶ δὲ σχεδὸν καὶ ἡμέρᾳ πᾶν ἀποδύεται τὸ γῆρας, ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἀρξάμενον μέχρι τῆς κέρκου.
In about a night and a day, the entire "old age" is stripped off, beginning from the head down to the tail.
Γίνεται δὲ ἐκδυομένου τὰ ἐντὸς ἐκτός· ἐκδύεται γὰρ ὥσπερ τὰ ἔμβρυα ἐκ τῶν χορίων.
And when it is shed, the inside becomes outside; for it is cast off just as embryos from the afterbirths.
Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ τῶν ἐντόμων ἐκδύνει τὸ γῆρας ὅσα ἐκδύνει, οἷον σίλφη καὶ ἐμπὶς καὶ τὰ κολεόπτερα, οἷον κάνθαρος.
In the same way also, among insects, those that shed cast off "old age", such as the silphe, the gnat, and the coleoptera, such as the beetle.
Πάντα δὲ μετὰ τὴν γένεσιν ἐκδύεται· ὥσπερ γὰρ τοῖς ζῳοτοκουμένοις τὸ χόριον καὶ τοῖς σκωληκοτοκουμένοις περιρρήγνυται τὸ κέλυφος, ὁμοίως καὶ μελίτταις καὶ ἀκρίσιν.
And all of them shed after birth; for just as the afterbirth is torn around for those born alive, and the shell is ruptured for those born as larvae, so it is likewise for bees and grasshoppers.
Οἱ δὲ τέττιγες ὄταν ἐξέλθωσι, καθιζάνουσιν ἐπί τε τὰς ἐλαίας καὶ καλάμους.
And when the cicadas come out, they sit upon both olive trees and reeds.
Περιρραγέντος δὲ τοῦ κελύφους ἐξέρχονται ἐγκαταλιπόντες ὑγρότητα μικράν, καὶ μετ’ οὐ πολὺν χρόνον ἀναπέτονται καὶ ᾄδουσιν.
When the shell is ruptured, they come out leaving behind a little moisture, and after not much time they fly up and sing.
Τῶν δὲ θαλαττίων οἱ κάραβοι καὶ ἀστακοὶ ἐκδύνουσιν ὁτὲ μὲν τοῦ ἔαρος ὁτὲ δὲ τοῦ μετοπώρου μετὰ τοὺς τόκους.
Among marine animals, the spiny lobsters and the lobsters shed sometimes in spring and sometimes in autumn after spawning.
Ἤδη δ’ εἰλημμέναι ἔνιοί εἰσι τῶν καράβων τὰ μὲν περὶ τὸν θώρακα μαλακὰ ἔχοντες διὰ τὸ περιερρωγέναι τὸ ὄστρακον, τὰ δὲ κάτω σκληρὰ διὰ τὸ μήπω περιερρωγέναι· τὴν γὰρ ἔκδυσιν ποιοῦνται οὐχ ὁμοίαν τοῖς ὄφεσιν.
And some spiny lobsters have already been caught having the parts around the thorax soft because the shell has been ruptured around, but the lower parts hard because they have not yet been ruptured around; for they do not make their shedding in the same way as snakes.
Φωλοῦσι δ’ οἱ κάραβοι περὶ πέντε μῆνας.
Spiny lobsters hibernate for about five months.
Ἐκδύνουσι δὲ καὶ οἱ καρκίνοι τὸ γῆρας, οἱ μὲν μαλακόστρακοι ὁμολογουμένως, φασὶ δὲ καὶ τοὺς ὀστρακοδέρμους, οἷον τὰς μαίας.
Crabs also cast off "old age", the malacostracans confessedly, and they say also the hard-shelled ones, such as the spider-crabs.
Ὅταν δ’ ἐκδύνωσι, μαλακὰ γίνεται πάμπαν τὰ ὄστρακα, καὶ οἵ γε καρκίνοι βαδίζειν οὐ σφόδρα δύνανται.
And when they shed, their shells become entirely soft, and the crabs at least are not very able to walk.
Ἐκδύνει δὲ τὰ τοιαῦτα οὐχ ἅπαξ ἀλλὰ πολλάκις.
Such animals shed not once but many times.
Ὅσα μὲν οὖν φωλεῖ καὶ πότε καὶ πῶς, ἔτι δὲ ποῖα καὶ πότε ἐκδύνει τὸ γῆρας, εἴρηται.
So, which animals hibernate, and when and how, and further, what kinds shed "old age" and when, has been told.