§8.13#1Τῶν δ’ ἰχθύων οἱ μέν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, μεταβάλλουσι πρὸς τὴν γῆν ἐκ τοῦ πελάγους καὶ εἰς τὸ πέλαγος ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, φεύγοντες τὰς ὑπερβολὰς τοῦ ψύχους καὶ τῆς ἀλέας.
Of fish, some, as has been said, migrate to the land from the deep sea, and to the deep sea from the land, fleeing the extremes of cold and heat.
Ἀμείνους δ’ εἰσὶν οἱ πρόσγειοι τῶν πελαγίων· πλείω γὰρ καὶ βελτίω νομὴν ἔχουσιν·
The coastal fish are better than those of the deep sea; for they have more and better food.
ὅπου γὰρ ἂν ὁ ἥλιος ἐπιβάλλῃ, πλείω φύεται καὶ βελτίω καὶ ἁπαλώτερα, οἷον ἐν κήποις.
For wherever the sun strikes, more, better, and tenderer vegetation grows, as in gardens.
Καὶ ὁ θὶς ὁ μέλας φύεται πρὸς τῇ γῇ, ὁ δ’ ἄλλος ὅμοιός ἐστι τοῖς ἀγρίοις.
And the black seaweed grows near the land, while the other kind is like wild plants.
Ἔτι δὲ καὶ κεκραμένοι τυγχάνουσι καλῶς τῷ θερμῷ καὶ τῷ ψυχρῷ οἱ τόποι οἱ πρόσγειοι τῆς θαλάττης· διὸ καὶ αἱ σάρκες συνεστᾶσι μᾶλλον τῶν τοιούτων ἰχθύων, τῶν δὲ πελαγίων ὑγραί εἰσι καὶ κεχυμέναι.
Furthermore, the coastal places of the sea happen to be well mixed in heat and cold; wherefore also the flesh of such fish is firmer, while that of the deep-sea fish is watery and flabby.
Εἰσὶ δὲ πρόσγειοι σινώδων, κάνθαρος, ὀρφός, χρύσοφρυς, κεστρεύς, τρίγλη, κίχλη, δράκων, καλλιώνυμος, κωβιὸς καὶ τὰ πετραῖα πάντα· πελάγιοι δὲ τρυγὼν καὶ τὰ σελάχη καὶ γόγγροι οἱ λευκοί, χάννη, ἐρυθρῖνος, γλαῦκος· φάγροι δὲ καὶ σκορπίοι καὶ γόγγροι οἱ μέλανες καὶ μύραιναι καὶ κόκκυγες ἐπαμφοτερίζουσιν.
The coastal fish are the sinodon, cantharus, orphus, chrysophrys, cestreus, trigle, kichle, dracon, callionymus, kobios, and all the rock-fish; the deep-sea fish are the trygon, the selachians, white congers, channe, erythrinos, and glaucus; while the phagros, scorpios, black congers, murainai, and kokkyges share both characters.
Εἰσὶ δὲ διαφοραὶ τούτων καὶ κατὰ τοὺς τόπους, οἷον περὶ Κρήτην οἱ κωβιοὶ καὶ τὰ πετραῖα πάντα πίονα γίνεται.
There are also differences among these according to locality, as for instance near Crete the kobioi and all the rock-fish become fat.
Γίνεται δὲ καὶ ὁ θύννος ἀγαθὸς πάλιν μετ’ Ἀρκτοῦρον· ἤδη γὰρ οἰστρῶν παύεται ταύτην τὴν ὥραν· διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐν τῷ θέρει χείρων ἐστίν.
The tunny also becomes good again after Arcturus; for at this season it already ceases to be tormented by the gadfly; for it is on this account that it is inferior in summer.
Γίνονται δὲ καὶ ἐν ταῖς λιμνοθαλάτταις πολλοὶ τῶν ἰχθύων, οἷον σάλπαι, χρύσοφρυς, τρίγλη καὶ τῶν ἄλλων σχεδὸν οἱ πλεῖστοι.
Many fish also breed in lagoons, as for instance salpae, chrysophrys, trigle, and almost most of the others.
Γίνονται δὲ καὶ ἄμιαι, οἷον περὶ Ἀλωπεκόννησον· καὶ ἐν τῇ Βιστωνίδι λίμνῃ ἔνεστι τὰ πλεῖστα γένη τῶν ἰχθύων.
Amiae also breed, as for instance near Alopeconnesus; and in Lake Bistonis most kinds of fish are found.
Τῶν δὲ κολιῶν οἱ πολλοὶ εἰς μὲν τὸν Πόντον οὐκ ἐμβάλλουσιν, ἐν δὲ τῇ Προποντίδι θερίζουσι καὶ ἐκτίκτουσι, χειμάζουσι δ’ ἐν τῷ Αἰγαίῳ.
Most of the colias-mackerel do not enter the Pontus, but spend the summer and spawn in the Propontis, and winter in the Aegean.
Θυννίδες δὲ καὶ πηλαμύδες καὶ ἄμιαι εἰς τὸν Πόντον ἐμβάλλουσι τοῦ ἔαρος καὶ θερίζουσιν, σχεδὸν δὲ καὶ οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν ῥυάδων καὶ ἀγελαίων ἰχθύων.
Female tunnies, pelamyds, and amiae enter the Pontus in spring and spend the summer there, as do almost most of the migratory and gregarious fish.
Εἰσὶ δ’ οἱ πλεῖστοι ἀγελαῖοι.
Most of them are gregarious.
Ἔχουσι δ’ οἱ ἀγελαῖοι ἡγεμόνας πάντες.
And all gregarious fish have leaders.
Εἰσπλέουσι δ’ εἰς τὸν Πόντον διά τε τὴν τροφήν (ἡ γὰρ νομὴ καὶ πλείων καὶ βελτίων διὰ τὸ πότιμον), καὶ τὰ θηρία δὲ τὰ μεγάλα ἐλάττω· ἔξω γὰρ δελφῖνος καὶ φωκαίνης οὐδέν ἐστιν ἐν τῷ Πόντῳ, καὶ ὁ δελφὶς μικρός· ἔξω δ’ εὐθὺς προελθόντι μεγάλοι.
They voyage into the Pontus both for food (for the pasture is both more abundant and better because of the fresh water) and because the large beasts are fewer; for except for the dolphin and the porpoise there is nothing in the Pontus, and the dolphin is small; but immediately upon going outside, they are large.
Διά τε δὴ τὴν τροφὴν εἰσπλέουσι καὶ διὰ τὸν τόκον· τόποι γάρ εἰσιν ἐπιτήδειοι ἐντίκτειν, καὶ τὸ πότιμον καὶ τὸ γλυκύτερον ὕδωρ ἐκτρέφει τὰ κυήματα.
They voyage in, then, both for food and for spawning; for there are suitable places for spawning, and the fresh and sweeter water nurtures the young.
Ὅταν δὲ τέκωσι καὶ τὰ γενόμενα αὐξηθῇ, ἐκπλέουσιν εὐθὺς μετὰ Πλειάδα.
But when they have spawned and the offspring have grown, they voyage out immediately after the Pleiades.