§4.1#1## Δ.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἐναίμων ζῴων, ὅσα τε κοινὰ ἔχουσι μέρη καὶ ὅσα ἴδια ἕκαστον γένος, καὶ τῶν ἀνομοιομερῶν καὶ τῶν ὁμοιομερῶν, καὶ ὅσα ἐντὸς καὶ ὅσα ἐκτός, εἴρηται πρότερον· περὶ δὲ τῶν ἀναίμων ζῴων νυνὶ λεκτέον.
Book 4 Now concerning red-blooded animals, both the parts they have in common and those peculiar to each genus, and both the non-homogeneous and the homogeneous parts, and both those within and those without, have been discussed before; but we must now speak of bloodless animals.
Ἔστι δὲ γένη πλείω, ἓν μὲν τὸ τῶν καλουμένων μαλακίων·
And there are several genera, one being that of the so-called cephalopods (malakia).
ταῦτα δ’ ἐστὶν ὅσα ἄναιμα ὄντα ἐκτὸς ἔχει τὸ σαρκῶδες, ἐντὸς δ’ εἴ τι ἔχει στερεόν, καθάπερ καὶ τὰ ἔναιμα, οἷον τὸ τῶν σηπιῶν γένος.
These are those which, being bloodless, have their fleshy part on the outside, and if they have any hard part inside, they have it just as red-blooded animals do, as for instance the genus of cuttlefish.
Ἒν δὲ τὸ τῶν μαλακοστράκων· ταῦτα δ’ ἐστὶν ὅσων ἐκτὸς τὸ στερεόν, ἐντὸς δὲ τὸ μαλακὸν καὶ σαρκῶδες·
Another is that of the crustaceans (malakostraka); these are those which have the hard part on the outside, and the soft, fleshy part on the inside.
τὸ δὲ σκληρὸν αὐτῶν ἐστὶν οὐ θραυστὸν ἀλλὰ θλαστόν, οἷόν ἐστι τό τε τῶν καράβων γένος καὶ τὸ τῶν καρκίνων.
Their hard part is not breakable but crushable, as for instance the genus of lobsters and that of crabs.
Ἔτι δὲ τὰ ὀστρακόδερμα· τοιαῦτα δ’ ἐστὶν ὧν ἐντὸς μὲν τὸ σαρκῶδές ἐστιν, ἐκτὸς δὲ τὸ στερεόν, θραυστὸν ὂν καὶ κατακτόν, ἀλλ’ οὐ θλαστόν· τοιοῦτον δὲ τὸ τῶν κοχλιῶν γένος καὶ τὸ τῶν ὀστρέων ἐστίν.
Furthermore, there are the testaceans (ostrakoderma); such are those which have the fleshy part inside, and the hard part outside, which is breakable and shatterable, but not crushable; such is the genus of snails and that of oysters.
Τέταρτον δὲ τὸ τῶν ἐντόμων, ὃ πολλὰ καὶ ἀνόμοια περιείληφε εἴδη ζῴων.
The fourth is that of insects (entoma), which comprises many and dissimilar species of animals.
Ἔστι δ’ ἔντομα ὅσα κατὰ τοὔνομα ἐστὶν ἐντομὰς ἔχοντα ἢ ἐν τοῖς ὑπτίοις ἢ ἐν τοῖς πρανέσιν ἢ ἐν ἀμφοῖν, καὶ οὔτε ὀστῶδες ἔχει ἓν κεχωρισμένον οὔτε σαρκῶδες, ἀλλὰ μέσον ἀμφοῖν· τὸ σῶμα γὰρ ὁμοίως καὶ ἔσω καὶ ἔξω σκληρόν ἐστιν αὐτῶν.
Insects are those which, according to their name, have incisions either on their bellies, or on their backs, or on both, and have neither a distinct bony part nor a fleshy one, but something intermediate between both; for their body is equally hard both inside and outside.
Ἔστι δ’ ἔντομα καὶ ἄπτερα, οἷον ἴουλος καὶ σκολόπενδρα, καὶ πτερωτά, οἷον μέλιττα καὶ μηλολόνθη καὶ σφήξ· καὶ ταὐτὸ δὲ γένος ἐστὶ καὶ πτερωτὸν καὶ ἄπτερον, οἷον μύρμηκές εἰσι καὶ πτερωτοὶ καὶ ἄπτεροι, καὶ αἱ καλούμεναι πυγολαμπίδες.
And some insects are wingless, such as the millipede and the centipede, and others are winged, such as the bee, the cockchafer, and the wasp; and the same genus may be both winged and wingless, as for instance ants, which are both winged and wingless, and the so-called glow-worms.
Τῶν μὲν οὖν μαλακίων καλουμένων τὰ μὲν ἔξω μόρια τάδ’ ἐστίν, ἓν μὲν οἱ ὀνομαζόμενοι πόδες, δεύτερον δὲ τούτων ἐχομένη ἡ κεφαλή, τρίτον δὲ τὸ κύτος, ὃ περιέχει τἀντὸς, καὶ καλοῦσιν αὐτὸ κεφαλήν τινες, οὐκ ὀρθῶς καλοῦντες· ἔτι δὲ πτερύγια κύκλῳ περὶ τὸ κύτος.
Now, of the so-called cephalopods, the external parts are as follows: first, the so-called feet; second, the head which is continuous with these; third, the trunk (body-cavity), which encloses the internal parts, and some call this the head, but they call it so incorrectly; and furthermore, fins in a circle around the trunk.
Συμβαίνει δ’ ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς μαλακίοις μεταξὺ τῶν ποδῶν καὶ τῆς γαστρὸς εἶναι τὴν κεφαλήν.
It happens in all cephalopods that the head is between the feet and the belly.
Πόδας μὲν οὖν ὀκτὼ πάντ’ ἔχει, καὶ τούτους δικοτύλους πάντα, πλὴν ἑνὸς γένους πολυπόδων.
Now all of them have eight feet, and all have these with two rows of suckers, except for one genus of octopuses.
Ἰδίᾳ δ’ ἔχουσιν αἵ τε σηπίαι καὶ αἱ τευθίδες καὶ οἱ τεῦθοι δύο προβοσκίδας μακρὰς ἐπ’ ἄκρων, τραχύτητα ἐχούσας δικότυλον, αἷς προσάγονταί τε καὶ λαμβάνουσιν εἰς τὸ στόμα τὴν τροφήν, καὶ ὅταν χειμὼν ᾖ, βαλλόμεναι πρός τινα πέτραν ὥσπερ ἀγκύρας ἀποσαλεύουσιν.
Peculiarly, cuttlefish, squids, and calamaries have two long proboscises with rough, two-rowed suckers on their ends, by which they bring food to themselves and take it into their mouth, and when there is a storm, they cast these against some rock like anchors to ride out the weather.
Τοῖς δ’ ὥσπερ πτερυγίοις, οἷς ἔχουσι περὶ τὸ κύτος, νέουσιν.
They swim by means of the fin-like appendages which they have around the trunk.
Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ποδῶν αἱ κοτυληδόνες ἅπασιν εἰσίν.
On the feet, suckers are present in all.
Ὁ μὲν οὖν πολύπους καὶ ὡς ποσὶ καὶ ὡς χερσὶ χρῆται ταῖς πλεκτάναις.
Now the octopus uses its tentacles both as feet and as hands.
Προσάγεται μὲν οὖν ταῖς δυσὶ ταῖς ὑπὲρ τοῦ στόματος· τῇ δ’ ἐσχάτῃ τῶν πλεκτανῶν, ἥ ἐστιν ὀξυτάτη τε καὶ μόνη παράλευκος αὐτῶν καὶ ἐξ ἄκρου δικρόα (ἔστι δ’ αὕτη ἐπὶ τῇ ῥάχει· καλεῖται δὲ ῥάχις τὸ λεῖον, οὖ πρόσω αἱ κοτυληδόνες εἰσίν), ταύτῃ δὲ τῇ πλεκτάνῃ χρῆται ἐν ταῖς ὀχείαις.
It brings food to itself with the two tentacles that are above the mouth; and with the last of its tentacles, which is the sharpest and the only whitish one among them and forked at the tip (this is on the ridge; and "ridge" is what they call the smooth side, on the front of which are the suckers), with this tentacle it makes use in mating.
Πρὸ τοῦ κύτους δ’ ὑπὲρ τῶν πλεκτανῶν ἔχουσι κοῖλον αὐλόν, ᾧ τὴν θάλατταν ἀφιᾶσι δεξάμενοι τῷ κύτει, ὅταν τι τῷ στόματι λαμβάνωσιν.
In front of the trunk, above the tentacles, they have a hollow siphon (funnel), through which they discharge the sea-water after receiving it into the trunk, whenever they take anything with their mouth.
Μεταβάλλει δὲ τοῦτον ὁτὲ μὲν εἰς τὰ δεξιὰ ὁτὲ δὲ εἰς τὰ εὐώνυμα· ἀφιᾶσι δὲ καὶ τὸν θόλον ταύτῃ.
They shift this siphon sometimes to the right and sometimes to the left; they also discharge their ink through this.
Νεῖ δὲ πλάγιος, ἐπὶ τὴν καλουμένην κεφαλὴν ἐκτείνων τοὺς πόδας· οὕτω δὲ νέοντι συμβαίνει προορᾶν μὲν εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν (ἐπάνω γάρ εἰσιν οἱ ὀφθαλμοί), τὸ δὲ στόμα ἔχει ὄπισθεν.
The octopus swims sideways, extending its feet toward the so-called head; and when swimming in this way, it happens to look forward (for its eyes are above), but its mouth is behind.
Τὴν δὲ κεφαλήν, ἕως ἂν ζῇ, σκληρὰν ἔχει καθάπερ ἐμπεφυσημένην.
Its head, as long as it lives, it keeps hard, as if inflated.
Ἅπτεται δὲ καὶ κατέχει ταῖς πλεκτάναις ὑπτίαις, καὶ ὁ μεταξὺ τῶν ποδῶν ὑμὴν διατέταται πᾶς· ἐὰν δ’ εἰς τὴν ἄμμον ἐμπέσῃ, οὐκέτι δύναται κατέχειν.
It clings and holds on with its tentacles turned upside down, and the entire membrane between its feet is stretched out; but if it falls upon the sand, it can no longer hold on.
Ἔχουσι δὲ διαφορὰν οἵ τε πολύποδες καὶ τὰ εἰρημένα τῶν μαλακίων· τῶν μὲν γὰρ πολυπόδων τὸ μὲν κύτος μικρόν, οἱ δὲ πόδες μακροί εἰσι, τῶν δὲ τὸ μὲν κύτος μέγα, οἱ δὲ πόδες βραχεῖς, ὥστε μὴ πορεύεσθαι ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς.
There is a difference between octopuses and the other mentioned cephalopods; for in octopuses the trunk is small and the feet are long, whereas in the others the trunk is large and the feet are short, so that they cannot walk on them.
Αὐτῶν δὲ πρὸς αὑτά, τὸ μὲν μακρότερόν ἐστιν ἡ τευθίς, ἡ δὲ σηπία πλατύτερον.
Among themselves, the squid is longer, and the cuttlefish is broader.
Τῶν δὲ τευθίδων οἱ τεῦθοι καλούμενοι ἐπὶ πολὺ μείζους· γίγνονται γὰρ καὶ πέντε πήχεων τὸ μέγεθος.
Among the squids, those called calamaries (teuthos) are much larger, for they even reach five cubits in size.
Γίγνονται δὲ καὶ σηπίαι ἔνιαι διπήχεις, καὶ πολυπόδων πλεκτάναι τηλικαῦται καὶ μείζους ἔτι τὸ μέγεθος.
Some cuttlefish also grow to two cubits, and the tentacles of octopuses are of such size and even larger.
Ἔστι δὲ τὸ γένος ὀλίγον τῶν τεύθων.
But the genus of calamaries is rare.