§3.20Περὶ δὲ μυελοῦ· καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο ἓν τῶν ὑγρῶν ἐνίοις τῶν ἐναίμων ὑπάρχει ζῴων.
Concerning marrow: for this also is one of the fluids that exists in some red-blooded animals.
Πάντα δὲ ὅσα φύσει ὑπάρχει ὑγρὰ ἐν τῷ σώματι, ἐν ἀγγείοις ὑπάρχει, ὥσπερ καὶ αἷμα ἐν φλεψὶ καὶ μυελὸς ἐν ὀστοῖς, τὰ δὲ ἐν ὑμενώδεσι, καὶ δέρμασι καὶ κοιλίαις.
And all things that exist by nature as fluids in the body exist in vessels, just as blood in veins and marrow in bones, and others in membranous tissues, skins, and cavities.
Γίνεται δὲ ἐν μὲν τοῖς νέοις αἱματώδης πάμπαν ὁ μυελός, πρεσβυτέρων δὲ γενομένων ἐν μὲν τοῖς πιμελώδεσι πιμελώδης, ἐν δὲ τοῖς στεατώδεσι στεατώδης.
And in the young, the marrow is altogether bloody, but as they grow older, in fat animals it becomes fatty, and in those with lard (seum) it becomes lardy.
Οὐ πάντα δ’ ἔχει τὰ ὀστᾶ μυελόν, ἀλλὰ τὰ κοῖλα, καὶ τούτων ἐνίοις οὐκ ἔνεστιν· τὰ γὰρ τοῦ λέοντος ὀστᾶ τὰ μὲν οὐκ ἔχει, τὰ δ’ ἔχει πάμπαν μικρόν, διόπερ ἔνιοι οὔ φασιν ὅλως ἔχειν μυελὸν τοὺς λέοντας, ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον.
And not all bones contain marrow, but only the hollow ones, and even of these, some do not have any; for the bones of the lion, some do not have it at all, and others have a very small amount, wherefore some say that lions have no marrow at all, as was said before.
Καὶ ἐν τοῖς ὑείοις δ’ ὀστοῖς ἐλάττων ἐστίν, ἐνίοις δ’ αὐτῶν πάμπαν οὐκ ἔνεστιν.
And in the bones of pigs also it is less, and in some of them there is none at all.
Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν τὰ ὑγρὰ σχεδὸν ἀεὶ σύμφυτά ἐστι τοῖς ζῴοις, ὑστερογενῆ δὲ γάλα τε καὶ γονή.
Now these fluids are almost always innate to animals, but milk and semen are of later growth.
Τούτων δὲ τὸ μὲν ἀποκεκριμένον ἅπασιν, ὅταν ἐνῇ, ἔνεστι, τὸ γάλα· ἡ δὲ γονὴ οὐ πᾶσιν ἀλλ’ ἐνίοις οἱ καλούμενοι θοροὶ τοῖς ἰχθύσιν.
Of these, milk is present as a separate secretion in all when it is present; but semen is not present in all, but only in some, like the so-called milt in fish.
Ἔχει δέ, ὅσα ἔχει τὸ γάλα, ἐν τοῖς μαστοῖς.
And those that have milk have it in their breasts.
Μαστοὺς δ’ ἔχει ὅσα ζῳοτοκεῖ καὶ ἐν αὑτοῖς καὶ ἔξω, οἷον ὅσα τε τρίχας ἔχει, ὥσπερ ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἵππος, καὶ τὰ κήτη, οἷον δελφὶς καὶ φώκη καὶ φάλαινα· καὶ γὰρ ταῦτα μαστοὺς ἔχει καὶ γάλα.
And those have breasts that are viviparous both internally and externally, such as those that have hair, like man and the horse, and cetaceans, like the dolphin, the seal, and the whale; for these also have breasts and milk.
Ὅσα δ’ ἔξω ζῳοτοκεῖ μόνον ἢ ᾠοτοκεῖ, οὐκ ἔχει οὔτε μαστοὺς οὔτε γάλα, οἷον ἰχθὺς καὶ ὄρνις.
But those that are only viviparous externally or oviparous do not have breasts or milk, such as fish and birds.
Πᾶν δὲ γάλα ἔχει ἰχῶρα ὑδατώδη, ὃ καλεῖται ὀρρός, καὶ σωματῶδες, ὃ καλεῖται τυρός· ἔχει δὲ πλείω τυρὸν τὸ παχύτερον τῶν γαλάκτων.
And all milk contains a watery ichor, which is called whey, and a solid substance, which is called curd (cheese); and the thicker milk contains more curd.
Τὸ μὲν οὖν τῶν μὴ ἀμφωδόντων γάλα πήγνυται (διὸ καὶ τυρεύεται τῶν ἡμέρων), τῶν δ’ ἀμφωδόντων οὐ πήγνυται, ὥσπερ οὐδ’ ἡ πιμελή, καὶ ἔστι λεπτὸν καὶ γλυκύ.
Now, the milk of animals that do not have teeth in both jaws coagulates (wherefore that of domestic animals is made into cheese), but the milk of those with teeth in both jaws does not coagulate, just like their fat, and is thin and sweet.
Ἔστι δὲ λεπτότατον μὲν γάλα καμήλου, δεύτερον δ’ ἵππου, τρίτον δὲ ὄνου· παχύτατον δὲ τὸ βόειον.
And the thinnest milk is that of the camel, second that of the horse, third that of the ass; and the thickest is that of the cow.
Ὑπὸ μὲν οὖν τοῦ ψυχροῦ οὐ πήγνυται τὸ γάλα, ἀλλὰ διορροῦται μᾶλλον· ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ πυρὸς πήγνυται καὶ παχύνεται.
Now milk is not coagulated by cold, but rather becomes watery (whey-like); but by fire it is coagulated and thickened.
Οὐ γίνεται δὲ γάλα, πρὶν ἢ ἔγκυον γένηται, οὐδενὶ τῶν ζῴων ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ.
And milk does not arise in any of the animals, for the most part, before they become pregnant.
Ὅταν δ’ ἔγκυον ᾖ, γίνεται μέν, ἄχρηστον δὲ τὸ πρῶτον καὶ ὕστερον.
And when they are pregnant, it is formed, but the first and the last are useless.
Μὴ ἐγκύοις δ’ οὔσαις ὀλίγον μὲν ἀπ’ ἐδεσμάτων τινῶν, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ βδαλλομέναις ἤδη πρεσβυτέραις προῆλθε, καὶ τοσοῦτον ἤδη τισὶν ὥστ’ ἐκτιτθεῦσαι παιδίον.
In those that are not pregnant, a small quantity has been produced from certain foods, and indeed it has also flowed in older females that were being milked, and in some to such an extent that they could nurse a child.
Καὶ οἱ περὶ τὴν Οἴτην δέ, ὅσαι ἂν μὴ ὑπομένωσι τὴν ὀχείαν τῶν αἰγῶν, λαμβάνοντες κνίδην τρίβουσι τὰ οὔθατα βίᾳ διὰ τὸ ἀλγεινὸν εἶναι· τὸ μὲν οὖν πρῶτον αἱματῶδες ἀμέλγονται, εἶθ’ ὑπόπυον, τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον γάλα ἤδη οὐδὲν ἔλαττον τῶν ὀχευομένων.
And those around Mount Oeta, when any of the she-goats do not submit to mating, take nettles and rub their udders by force because of the pain; at first indeed they milk out a bloody substance, then a purulent one, but finally milk which is not at all inferior to that of those that have mated.
Τῶν δ’ ἀρρένων ἔν τε τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις καὶ ἐν ἀνθρώπῳ ἐν οὐδενὶ μὲν ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ γίνεται γάλα, ὅμως δὲ γίνεται ἔν τισιν, ἐπεὶ καὶ ἐν Λήμνῳ αἲξ ἐκ τῶν μαστῶν, οὓς ἔχει δύο ὁ ἄρρην παρὰ τὸ αἰδοῖον, γάλα ἠμέλγετο τοσοῦτον ὥστε γίνεσθαι τροφαλίδα, καὶ πάλιν ὀχεύσαντος τῷ ἐκ τούτου γενομένῳ συνέβαινε ταὐτόν.
In males, for the most part, milk is not formed in other animals or in man, yet it does occur in some; since in Lemnos a male goat was milked from its breasts, of which the male has two near the genitals, so much milk that a small cheese (trophalis) was made, and again when it mated, the same happened to its offspring.
Ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν τοιαῦτα ὡς σημεῖα ὑπολαμβάνουσιν, ἐπεὶ καὶ τῷ ἐν Λήμνῳ ἀνεῖλεν ὁ θεὸς μαντευσαμένῳ ἐπίκτησιν ἔσεσθαι χρημάτων.
But they take such things as portents, since indeed God told the man in Lemnos who consulted the oracle that there would be an acquisition of wealth.
Ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἀνδράσι μεθ’ ἥβην ἐνίοις ἐκθλίβεται ὀλίγον· βδαλλομένοις δὲ καὶ πολὺ ἤδη τισὶ προῆλθεν.
And in men after puberty, a little is squeezed out in some; and in those who were being sucked (milked), it has indeed flowed in large quantities in some.
Ὑπάρχει δ’ ἐν τῷ γάλακτι λιπαρότης, ἣ καὶ ἐν τοῖς πεπηγόσι γίνεται ἐλαιώδης.
And there is a fatty quality in milk, which in those that are coagulated becomes oily.
Εἰς δὲ τὸ προβάτειον ἐν Σικελίᾳ, καὶ ὅπου πλεῖον, αἴγειον μιγνύουσιν.
And in Sicily, and where there is more, they mix goat's milk with sheep's milk.
Πήγνυται δὲ μάλιστα οὐ μόνον τὸ τυρὸν ἔχον πλεῖστον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ αὐχμηρότερον ἔχον.
And milk coagulates best not only when it has the most curd, but also when it has more dry substance.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν πλέον ἔχει γάλα ἢ ὅσον εἰς τὴν ἐκτροφὴν τῶν τέκνων, καὶ χρήσιμον εἰς τύρευσιν καὶ ἀπόθεσιν, μάλιστα μὲν τὸ προβάτειον καὶ τὸ αἴγειον, ἔπειτα τὸ βόειον· τὸ δ’ ἵππειον καὶ τὸ ὄνειον μίγνυται εἰς τὸν Φρύγιον τυρόν.
Now those that have more milk than what is sufficient for the rearing of their young, and which is useful for cheese-making and storage, are especially sheep and goats, and next cows; and that of horses and asses is mixed into Phrygian cheese.
Ἔνεστι δὲ τυρὸς πλείων ἐν τῷ βοείῳ ἢ ἐν τῷ αἰγείῳ· γίνεσθαι γάρ φασιν οἱ νομεῖς ἐκ μὲν ἀμφορέως αἰγείου γάλακτος τροφαλίδας ὀβολιαίας μιᾶς δεούσης εἴκοσιν, ἐκ δὲ βοείου τριάκοντα.
And there is more cheese in cow's milk than in goat's milk; for shepherds say that from an amphora of goat's milk they get twenty small cheeses less one (nineteen), but from cow's milk thirty.
Τὰ δ’ ὅσον τοῖς τέκνοις ἱκανόν, πλῆθος δ’ οὐδὲν οὔτε χρήσιμον εἰς τύρευσιν, οἷον πάντα τὰ πλείους ἔχοντα μαστοὺς δυοῖν· οὐδενὸς γὰρ τούτων οὔτε πλῆθός ἐστι γάλακτος οὔτε τυρεύεται τὸ γάλα.
But those that have only as much as is sufficient for their offspring, and no quantity useful for cheese-making, are all those that have more than two breasts; for in none of these is there a large quantity of milk, nor is the milk made into cheese.
Πήγνυσι δὲ τὸ γάλα ὀπός τε συκῆς καὶ πυετία.
And milk is coagulated by the juice of the fig-tree and by rennet.
Ὁ μὲν οὖν ὀπὸς εἰς ἔριον ἐξοπισθείς, ὅταν ἐκπλυθῇ πάλιν τὸ ἔριον εἰς γάλα ὀλίγον· τοῦτο γὰρ κεραννύμενον πήγνυσιν.
Now the juice is squeezed out onto wool, and when the wool is washed out again in a little milk, this indeed, being mixed, coagulates it.
Ἡ δὲ πυετία γάλα ἐστίν· τῶν γὰρ ἔτι θηλαζόντων ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ κοιλίᾳ.
And rennet is milk; for it is in the stomach of those that are still sucking.