§2.12Ὁμοίως δ’ ἔνια μόρια καὶ οἱ ὄρνιθες τοῖς εἰρημένοις ἔχουσι ζῴοις· καὶ γὰρ κεφαλὴν καὶ αὐχένα πάντ’ ἔχει καὶ νῶτον καὶ τὰ ὕπτια τοῦ σώματος καὶ τὸ ἀνάλογον τῷ στήθει·
Similarly, birds also have some parts in common with the aforementioned animals; for indeed all of them have a head, neck, back, the under parts of the body, and the part corresponding to the chest.
σκέλη δὲ δύο καθάπερ ἄνθρωπος μάλιστα τῶν ζῴων· πλὴν κάμπτει εἰς τοὔπισθεν ὁμοίως τοῖς τετράποσιν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον.
They have two legs, in which they are most like humans among animals; except that they bend them backward like quadrupeds, as was said before.
Χεῖρας δ’ οὐδὲ πόδας προσθίους ἔχει, ἀλλὰ πτέρυγας ἴδιον πρὸς τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα.
They have neither hands nor forefeet, but wings, which is a feature peculiar to them compared to other animals.
Ἔτι δὲ τὸ ἰσχίον ὅμοιον μηρῷ μακρὸν καὶ προσπεφυκὸς μέχρι ὑπὸ μέσην τὴν γαστέρα, ὥστε δοκεῖν διαιρούμενον μηρὸν εἶναι, τὸν δὲ μηρὸν μεταξὺ τῆς κνήμης, ἕτερόν τι μέρος.
Furthermore, the hip-bone is long, similar to a thigh, and attached as far as under the middle of the belly, so that when dissected it seems to be the thigh, while the actual thigh, which is between the hip-bone and the shin, seems to be some other part.
Μεγίστους δὲ τοὺς μηροὺς ἔχει τὰ γαμψώνυχα τῶν ὀρνίθων, καὶ τὸ στῆθος ἰσχυρότερον τῶν ἄλλων.
The birds of prey have the largest thighs, and their chest is stronger than that of the others.
Πολυώνυχοι δ’ εἰσὶ πάντες οἱ ὄρνιθες, ἔτι δὲ πολυσχιδεῖς τρόπον τινὰ πάντες· τῶν μὲν γὰρ πλείστων διῄρηνται οἱ δάκτυλοι, τὰ δὲ πλωτὰ στεγανόποδά ἐστι, διηρθρωμένους δ’ ἔχει καὶ χωριστοὺς δακτύλους.
All birds have many claws, and furthermore all of them are in a way deeply divided in their toes; for in most of them the toes are separated, while swimming birds are web-footed, yet they still have articulated and distinct toes.
Εἰσὶ δ’ ὅσοι αὐτῶν μετεωρίζονται πάντες τετραδάκτυλοι· τρεῖς μὲν γὰρ εἰς τὸ ἔμπροσθεν ἕνα δ’ εἰς τὸ ὄπισθεν κείμενον ἔχουσιν οἱ πλεῖστοι ἀντὶ πτέρνης· ὀλίγοι δέ τινες δύο μὲν ἔμπροσθεν δύο δ’ ὄπισθεν, οἷον ἡ καλουμένη ἴυγξ.
All of those among them that fly high are four-toed; for most of them have three toes in front and one situated in the rear instead of a heel; but a few have two in front and two in the rear, such as the bird called wryneck.
Αὕτη δ’ ἐστὶ μικρῷ μὲν μείζων σπίζης, τὸ δ’ εἶδος ποικίλον, ἴδια δ’ ἔχει τά τε περὶ τοὺς δακτύλους καὶ τὴν γλῶτταν ὁμοίαν τοῖς ὄφεσιν· ἔχει γὰρ ἐπὶ μῆκος ἔκτασιν καὶ ἐπὶ τέτταρας δακτύλους, καὶ πάλιν συστέλλεται εἰς ἑαυτήν.
This bird is slightly larger than a chaffinch, and its appearance is variegated, and it has unique characteristics regarding its toes and a tongue similar to snakes; for it extends in length up to four fingers, and then contracts back into itself.
Ἔτι δὲ περιστρέφει τὸν τράχηλον εἰς τοὐπίσω τοῦ λοιποῦ σώματος ἠρεμοῦντος, καθάπερ οἱ ὄφεις.
Moreover, it turns its neck backward while the rest of its body remains still, just like snakes.
Ὄνυχας δ’ ἔχει μεγάλους μὲν ὁμοίως μέντοι πεφυκότας τοῖς τῶν κολοιῶν· τῇ δὲ φωνῇ τρίζει.
It has large claws, which however grow in the same way as those of jackdaws; and as for its voice, it screeches.
Στόμα δ’ οἱ ὄρνιθες ἔχουσι μὲν ἴδιον δέ· οὔτε γὰρ χείλη οὔτ’ ὀδόντας ἔχουσιν, ἀλλὰ ῥύγχος, οὔτ’ ὦτα οὔτε μυκτῆρας, ἀλλὰ τοὺς πόρους τούτων τῶν αἰσθήσεων, τῶν μὲν μυκτήρων ἐν τῷ ῥύγχει, τῆς δ’ ἀκοῆς ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ.
Birds have a mouth indeed, but a peculiar one; for they have neither lips nor teeth, but a beak, and they have neither external ears nor nostrils, but rather the passages of these senses, those of the nostrils being in the beak, and that of hearing in the head.
Ὀφθαλμοὺς δὲ πάντες καθάπερ καὶ τἆλλα ζῷα δύο, ἄνευ βλεφαρίδων.
All of them have two eyes, like other animals, without eyelashes.
Μύουσι δ’ οἱ βαρεῖς τῷ κάτω βλεφάρῳ, σκαρδαμύττουσι δ’ ἐκ τοῦ κανθοῦ δέρματι ἐπιόντι πάντες, οἱ δὲ γλαυκώδεις τῶν ὀρνίθων καὶ τῷ ἄνω βλεφάρῳ.
Heavy birds close their eyes with the lower eyelid, and all of them blink by means of a skin coming over from the corner of the eye, while owl-like birds also close them with the upper eyelid.
Τὸ δ’ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ποιοῦσι καὶ τὰ φολιδωτά, οἷον οἱ σαῦροι καὶ τἆλλα τὰ ὁμοιογενῆ τούτοις τῶν ζῴων· μύουσι γὰρ τῇ κάτω βλεφαρίδι πάντες, οὐ μέντοι σκαρδαμύττουσί γε ὥσπερ οἱ ὄρνιθες.
Scaly animals, such as lizards and the other animals akin to these, do this same thing; for they all close their eyes with the lower eyelid, but they do not blink like birds.
Ἔτι δ’ οὔτε φολίδας οὔτε τρίχας ἔχουσιν, ἀλλὰ πτερά· τὰ δὲ πτερὰ ἔχει καυλὸν ἅπαντα.
Furthermore, they have neither scales nor hair, but feathers; and all feathers have a quill.
Καὶ οὐρὰν μὲν οὐκ ἔχουσιν, ὀρροπύγιον δέ, οἱ μὲν μακροσκελεῖς καὶ στεγανόποδες βραχύ, οἱ δ’ ἐναντίοι μέγα.
They do not have a tail, but a rump, which is short in long-legged and web-footed birds, and large in the opposite ones.
Καὶ οὗτοι μὲν πρὸς τῇ γαστρὶ τοὺς πόδας ἔχοντες πέτονται, οἱ δὲ μικρορροπύγιοι ἐκτεταμένους.
And the latter fly with their feet held against the belly, while those with a small rump fly with their feet extended.
Καὶ γλῶτταν ἅπαντες, ταύτην δ’ ἀνομοίαν· οἱ μὲν γὰρ μακρὰν οἱ δὲ πλατεῖαν.
All of them also have a tongue, but this is dissimilar; for some have a long tongue and others a broad one.
Μάλιστα δὲ τῶν ζῴων μετὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον γράμματα φθέγγεται ἔνια τῶν ὀρνίθων γένη· τοιαῦτα δ’ ἐστὶ τὰ πλατύγλωττα αὐτῶν μάλιστα.
Most of all animals after humans, some kinds of birds utter articulate sounds; and such are especially those among them that have broad tongues.
Τὴν δ’ ἐπιγλωττίδα ἐπὶ τῆς ἀρτηρίας οὐθὲν τῶν ᾠοτοκούντων ἔχει, ἀλλὰ συνάγει καὶ διοίγει τὸν πόρον ὥστε μηθὲν καθεῖναι τῶν ἐχόντων βάρος ἐπὶ τὸν πλεύμονα.
No egg-laying animal has an epiglottis over the windpipe, but they open and close the passage so that nothing possessing weight is let down into the lung.
Γένη δ’ ἔνια τῶν ὀρνίθων ἔχει καὶ πλῆκτρα· γαμψώνυχον δ’ ἅμα καὶ πλῆκτρον ἔχον οὐθέν. Ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν γαμψώνυχα τῶν πτητικῶν, τὰ δὲ πληκτροφόρα τῶν βαρέων.
Some kinds of birds also have spurs; but nothing has both crooked claws and spurs at the same time.
Ἔτι δ’ ἔνια τῶν ὀρνέων λόφον ἔχουσι, τὰ μὲν αὐτῶν τῶν πτερῶν ἐπανεστηκότα, ὁ δ’ ἀλεκτρυὼν μόνος ἴδιον· οὔτε γὰρ σάρξ ἐστιν οὔτε πόρρω σαρκὸς τὴν φύσιν.
Furthermore, some of the birds have a crest, which in some consists of feathers standing up, while the rooster alone has a peculiar one; for it is neither flesh nor far from flesh in its nature.