§5.7#1Περὶ δὲ φωνῆς, ὅτι τὰ μὲν βαρύφωνα τῶν ζῴων ἐστί, τὰ δ᾽ ὀξύφωνα, τὰ δ᾽ εὔτονα καὶ πρὸς ἀμφοτέρας ἔχοντα τὰς ὑπερβολὰς συμμέτρως, ἔτι δὲ τὰ μὲν μεγαλόφωνα τὰ δὲ μικρόφωνα, καὶ λειότητι καὶ τραχύτητι καὶ εὐκαμψψίᾳ καὶ ἀκαμψίᾳ διαφέροντα ἀλλήλων, ἐπισκεπτέον διὰ τίνας αἰτίας ὑπάρχει τούτων ἕκαστον.
Concerning voice, as to why some animals are deep-voiced, others high-voiced, and others well-toned and moderately balanced between both extremes, and furthermore why some are loud-voiced and others small-voiced, and differ from one another in smoothness and roughness, flexibility and inflexibility, we must investigate through what causes each of these characteristics belongs to them.
περὶ μὲν οὖν ὀξύτητος καὶ βαρύτητος τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν οἰητέον εἶναι ἥνπερ ἐπὶ τῆς μεταβολῆς ἣν μεταβάλλει νέα ὄντα καὶ πρεσβύτερα.
Now, concerning highness and lowness of pitch, we must consider that the cause is the same as that which is in the transition they undergo when young and older.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλα πάντα νεώτερα ὄντα ὀξύτερον φθέγγεται, τῶν δὲ βοῶν οἱ μόσχοι βαρύτερον.
For all other animals, when they are younger, utter a higher voice, but among cattle, the calves utter a deeper voice.
τὸ δ᾽ αὐτὸ συμβαίνει καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀρρένων καὶ θηλειῶν· ἐν μὲν γὰρ τοῖς ἄλλοις γένεσι τὸ θῆλυ ὀξύτερον φθέγγεται τοῦ ἄρρενος (μάλιστα δ᾽ ἐπίδηλον ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦτο· μάλιστα γὰρ τούτοις ταύτην τὴν δύναμιν ἀποδέδωκεν ἡ φύσις διὰ τὸ λόγῳ χρῆσθαι μόνους τῶν ζῴων, τοῦ δὲ λόγου ὕλην εἶναι τὴν φωνήν), ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν βοῶν τοὐναντίον· βαρύτερον γὰρ αἱ θήλειαι φθέγγονται τῶν ταύρων.
The same thing happens also in the case of males and females; for in the other genera, the female utters a higher voice than the male (and this is especially apparent in humans; for nature has bestowed this power most of all on them because they alone of animals use speech, and voice is the matter of speech), but in the case of cattle it is the contrary; for the females utter a deeper voice than the bulls.
τίνος μὲν οὖν ἕνεκα φωνὴν ἔχει τὰ ζῷα, καὶ τί ἐστι φωνὴ καὶ ὅλως ὁ ψόφος, τὰ μὲν ἐν τοῖς περὶ αἰσθήσεως εἴρηται, τὰ δ᾽ ἐν τοῖς περὶ ψυχῆς.
Now, as for the purpose for which animals have voice, and what voice is and sound in general, some of these have been discussed in the treatise on Sensation, and others in that on the Soul.
ἐπεὶ δὲ βαρὺ μέν ἐστιν ἐν τῷ βραδεῖαν εἶναι τὴν κίνησιν, ὀξὺ δ᾽ ἐν τῷ ταχεῖαν, τοῦ δὲ βραδέως ἢ ταχέως πότερον τὸ κινοῦν αἴτιον ἢ τὸ κινούμενον, ἔχει τινὰ ἀπορίαν.
But since what is deep is in the movement being slow, and what is high is in its being swift, there is a difficulty as to whether the cause of the slowness or swiftness is the mover or the moved.
φασὶ γάρ τινες τὸ μὲν πολὺ βραδέως κινεῖσθα, τὸ δ᾽ ὀλίγον ταχέως, καὶ ταύτην αἰτίαν εἶναι τοῦ τὰ μὲν βαρύφωνα εἶναι τὰ δ᾽ ὀξύφωνα, λέγοντες μέχρι τινὸς καλῶς, ὅλως δ᾽ οὐ καλῶς.
For some say that what is much moves slowly, and what is little moves swiftly, and that this is the cause of some being deep-voiced and others high-voiced, speaking well up to a point, but not altogether well.
τῷ μὲν γὰρ γένει ὀρθῶς ἔοικε λέγεσθαι τὸ βαρὺ ἐν μεγέθει τινὶ εἶναι τοῦ κινουμένου.
For in genus, it seems correct to say that the deep pitch is in a certain size of the moved.
εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο, καὶ μικρὸν καὶ βαρὺ φθέγξασθαι οὐ ῥᾴδιον, ὁμοίως δὲ οὐδὲ βαρὺ καὶ ὀξύ.
For if this is so, it is not easy to utter what is both small and deep, and likewise neither what is deep and high.
καὶ δοκεῖ γενναιοτέρας εἶναι φύσεως ἡ βαρυφωνία, καὶ ἐν τοῖς μέλεσι τὸ βαρὺ τῶν συντόνων βέλτιον· τὸ γὰρ βέλτιον ἐν ὑπεροχῇ, ἡ δὲ βαρύτης ὑπεροχή τις.
And deep voice seems to belong to a nobler nature, and in melodies, the deep is better than the tight (high) pitches; for the better is in pre-eminence, and deepness is a kind of pre-eminence.
ἀλλ᾽ ἐπειδή ἐστιν ἕτερον τὸ βαρὺ καὶ ὀξὺ ἐν φωνῇ μεγαλοφωνίας καὶ μικροφωνίας (ἔστι γὰρ καὶ ὀξύφωνα μεγαλόφωνα, καὶ μικρόφωνα βαρύφωνα ὡσαύτως), ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὸν μέσον τόνον τούτων· περὶ ὧν τίνι ἄν τις ἄλλῳ διορίσειεν (λέγω δὲ μεγαλοφωνίαν καὶ μικροφωνίαν) ἢ πλήθει καὶ ὀλιγότητι τοῦ κινουμένου;
But since the deep and high in voice are different from loudness and smallness of voice (for there are both high-pitched loud voices, and likewise small deep voices), and similarly also in the case of the middle tone between them; concerning which (I mean loudness and smallness of voice), by what other thing could one define them than by the multitude and paucity of the moved?
εἰ οὖν κατὰ τὸν λεγόμενον ἔσται διορισμὸν τὸ ὀξὺ καὶ βαρύ, συμβήσεται τὰ αὐτὰ εἶναι βαρύφωνα καὶ με γαλόφωνα καὶ ὀξύφωνα καὶ μικρόφωνα.
If, then, the high and deep are to be defined according to the aforementioned distinction, it will follow that the same things are deep-voiced and loud-voiced, and high-pitched and small-voiced.
τοῦτο δὲ ψεῦδος, αἴτιον δ᾽ ὅτι τὸ μέγα καὶ τὸ μικρὸν καὶ τὸ πολὺ καὶ τὸ ὀλίγον τὰ μὲν ἀπλῶς λέγεται, τὰ δὲ πρὸς ἄλληλα.
And this is false, and the cause is that 'large' and 'small', 'much' and 'little' are in some cases used absolutely, and in others relatively to one another.
μεγαλόφωνα μὲν οῦν ἐστὶν ἐν τῷ πολὺ ἀπλῶς εἶναι τὸ κινούμενον, μικρόφωνα δὲ τῷ ὀλίγον, βαρύφωνα δὲ καὶ ὀξύφωνα ἐν τῷ πρὸς ἄλληλα ταύτην ἔχειν τὴν διαφοράν.
Loud-voiced animals, then, are so in that what is moved is absolutely much, and small-voiced in that it is little, while deep-voiced and high-voiced animals are so in having this difference relatively to one another.
ἐὰν μὲν γὰρ ὑπερέχῃ τὸ κινούμενον τῆς τοῦ κινοῦντος ἰσχύος, ἀνάγπ βραδέως φέρεσθαι τὸ φερόμενον, ἂν δ᾽ ὑπερέχηται, ταχέως.
For if what is moved exceeds the strength of the mover, what is carried must of necessity be carried slowly, but if it is exceeded, swiftly.
τὸ δ᾽ ἰσχῦον διὰ τὴν ἰσχὺν ὁτὲ μὲν πολὺ κινοῦν βραδεῖαν ποιεῖ τὴν κίνησιν, ὁτὲ δὲ διὰ τὸ κρατεῖν ταχεῖαν.
And that which is strong, because of its strength, sometimes makes the movement slow by moving much, and sometimes swift by mastering it.
κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ λόγον καὶ τῶν κινούντων τὰ ἀσθενῇ τὰ μὲν πλείω κινοῦντα τῆς δυνάμεως βραδεῖαν ποιεῖ τὴν κίνησιν, τὰ δὲ δι᾽ ἀσθένειαν ὀλίγον κινοῦντα ταχεῖαν.
By the same reasoning, also of the movers, those that are weak, by moving more than their power permits, make the movement slow, but by moving little due to weakness, make it swift.
αἱ μὲν οὖν αἰτίαι τῶν ἐναντιώσεων αὗται, τοῦ μήτε πάντα τὰ νέα ὀξύφωνα εἶναι μήτε βαρύφωνα, μήτε τὰ πρεσβύτερα, μήτε τὰ ἄρρενα καὶ θήλεα, πρὸς δὲ τούτοις καὶ τοῦ τοὺς κάμνοντας ὀξὺ φθέγγεσθαι καὶ τοὺς εὖ τὸ σῶμα ἔχοντας, ἔτι δὲ καὶ γέροντας γινομένους μᾶλλον ὀξυφωνοτέρους γίνεσθαι, τῆς ἡλικίας ἐναντίας οὔσης τῇ τῶν νέων.
These, then, are the causes of the oppositions: why neither all young animals are high-voiced nor deep-voiced, nor the older ones, nor the males and females, and besides these, why those who are sick utter a high voice, as do those in good bodily condition, and furthermore why those who are becoming old become more high-pitched, even though their age is opposite to that of the young.
τὰ μὲν οὖν πλεῖστα νεώτερα ὄντα καὶ θήλεα δι᾽ ἀδυναμιαν ὀλίγον κινοῦντα ἀέρα ὀξύφωνά ἐστιν· ταχὺ γὰρ ὁ ὀλίγος φέρεται, τὸ δὲ ταχὺ ὀξὺ ἐν φωνῇ.
Most animals, then, when younger and female, are high-voiced because through weakness they move only a little air; for a little air is carried quickly, and what is quick is high in voice.
οἱ δὲ μόσχοι καὶ αἱ βόες αἱ θήλειαι, οἱ μὲν διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν, αἱ δὲ διὰ τὴν φύσιν τῆς θηλύτητος, οὐκ ἰσχυρὸν ἔχουσι τὸ μόριον ᾧ κινοῦσι, πολὺ δὲ κινοῦντα βαρύφθογγά ἐστιν· βαρὺ γὰρ τὸ βραδέως φερόμενον, ὁ δὲ πολὺς ἀὴρ φέρεται βραδέως.
But calves and female cattle—the former due to age, the latter due to the nature of their femaleness—do not have a strong part with which they move the air, but since they move a large amount, they are deep-voiced; for what is carried slowly is deep, and much air is carried slowly.