§4.2Διὰ τίνα μὲν οὖν αἰτίαν γίνεται τὸ μὲν θῆλυ τὸ δ’ ἄρρεν, εἴρηται.
For what cause, then, the one becomes female and the other male has been stated.
τεκμήρια δὲ τὰ συμβαίνοντα τοῖς εἰρημένοις.
And the observed facts are evidence for what has been said.
τά τε γὰρ νέα θηλυτόκα μᾶλλον τῶν ἀκμαζόντων, καὶ γηράσκοντα μᾶλλον· τοῖς μὲν γὰρ οὔπω τέλειον τὸ θερμόν, τοῖς δ’ ἀπολείπει.
For both young animals produce female offspring more than those in their prime, and those growing old do so more; for in the former the heat is not yet perfect, and in the latter it is failing.
καὶ τὰ μὲν ὑγρότερα τῶν σωμάτων καὶ γυναικικώτερα θηλυγόνα μᾶλλον, καὶ τὰ σπέρματα τὰ ὑγρὰ τῶν συνεστηκότων· πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα γίνεται δι’ ἔνδειαν θερμότητος φυσικῆς.
And bodies that are more moist and more feminine produce female offspring more, and liquid semen does so more than that which is condensed; for all these things happen on account of a deficiency of natural heat.
καὶ τὸ βορείοις ἀρρενοτοκεῖν μᾶλλον ἢ νοτίοις· ὥστε καὶ περιττωματικώτερα.
Also, they produce male offspring more when north winds blow than when south winds blow; so that [in the latter case the bodies are] also more full of residue.
τὸ δὲ πλεῖον περίττωμα δυσπεπτότερον· διὸ τοῖς μὲν ἄρρεσιν ὑγρότερον τὸ σπέρμα, ταῖς δὲ γυναιξὶν ἡ τῶν καταμηνίων ἔκκρισις.
And the greater residue is harder to concoct; wherefore for males the semen is more liquid [under south winds], and for women the secretion of the menses [is more abundant].
καὶ τὸ γίνεσθαι δὲ τὰ καταμήνια τὰ κατὰ φύσιν φθινόντων τῶν μηνῶν μᾶλλον διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν συμβαίνει.
And that the natural menses occur more when the months are waning happens for the same cause.
ψυχρότερος γὰρ ὁ χρόνος οὗτος τοῦ μηνὸς καὶ ὑγρότερος διὰ τὴν φθίσιν καὶ τὴν ἀπόλειψιν τῆς σελήνης· ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἥλιος ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ ποιεῖ χειμῶνα καὶ θέρος, ἡ δὲ σελήνη ἐν τῷ μηνί.
For this time of the month is colder and more moist on account of the waning and disappearance of the moon; for the sun produces winter and summer in the whole year, but the moon does so in the month.
τοῦτο δ’ οὐ διὰ τὰς τροπάς, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν αὐξανομένου συμβαίνει τοῦ φωτός, τὸ δὲ φθίνοντος.
And this happens not on account of the solstices, but the one occurs as the light increases, and the other as it wanes.
φασὶ δὲ καὶ οἱ νομεῖς διαφέρειν πρὸς θηλυγονίαν καὶ ἀρρενογονίαν οὐ μόνον ἐὰν συμβαίνῃ τὴν ὀχείαν γίνεσθαι βορείοις ἢ νοτίοις, ἀλλὰ κἂν ὀχευόμενα βλέπῃ πρὸς νότον ἢ βορέαν· οὕτω μικρὰν ἐνίοτε ῥοπὴν αἰτίαν γίνεσθαι τῆς ψυχρότητος καὶ θερμότητος, ταῦτα δὲ τῆς γενέσεως.
And the shepherds also say that it makes a difference with respect to producing female and male offspring, not only if the copulation happens to take place during north or south winds, but even if, while copulating, they look towards the south or the north; so small a turn sometimes becomes the cause of cold and heat, and these the cause of generation.
διέστηκε μὲν οὖν ὅλως πρὸς ἄλληλα τό τε θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν πρὸς τὴν ἀρρενογονίαν καὶ θηλυγονίαν διὰ τὰς εἰρημένας αἰτίας, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ δεῖ συμμετρίας πρὸς ἄλληλα· πάντα γὰρ τὰ γινόμενα κατὰ τέχνην ἢ φύσιν λόγῳ τινί ἐστιν.
Thus, while the female and the male are generally distinguished from each other with respect to male-generation and female-generation on account of the stated causes, nevertheless they also require proportion to each other; for all things that come to be by art or nature exist in a certain ratio.
τὸ δὲ θερμὸν λίαν μὲν κρατοῦν ξηραίνει τὰ ὑγρά, πολὺ δὲ ἐλλεῖπον οὐ συνίστησιν, ἀλλὰ δεῖ πρὸς τὸ δημιουργούμενον ἔχειν τὸν τοῦ μέσου λόγον.
And heat, when excessively mastering, dries up the moist parts, but when greatly deficient, does not coagulate them, but it must have the ratio of the mean in relation to that which is being fashioned.
εἰ δὲ μή, καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς ἑψομένοις προσκάει μὲν τὸ πλεῖον πῦρ, οὐχ ἕψει δὲ τὸ ἔλαττον, ἀμφοτέρως δὲ συμβαίνει μὴ τελειοῦσθαι τὸ γινόμενον, οὕτω καὶ ἐν τῇ τοῦ ἄρρενος μίζει καὶ τοῦ θήλεος δεῖ τῆς συμμετρίας.
Otherwise, just as in things being boiled, too much fire burns them up, while too little does not boil them, and in both cases that which is being produced fails to be perfected, so also in the mixture of the male and the female there is need of proportion.
καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πολλοῖς καὶ πολλαῖς συμβαίνει μετ’ ἀλλήλων μὲν μὴ γεννᾶν, διαζευχθεῖσι δὲ γεννᾶν, καὶ ὁτὲ μὲν νέοις ὁτὲ δὲ πρεσβυτέροις οὖσι ταύτας γίνεσθαι τὰς ὑπεναντιώσεις, ὁμοίως περί τε γένεσιν καὶ ἀγονίαν καὶ ἀρρενογονίαν καὶ θηλυγονίαν.
And because of this, it happens to many men and women not to generate with each other, but to generate when separated, and for these incompatibilities to occur sometimes when they are young, and sometimes when they are older, similarly in respect of generation and infertility, and male-generation and female-generation.
διαφέρει δὲ καὶ χώρα χώρας εἰς ταῦτα καὶ ὕδωρ ὕδατος διὰ τὰς αὐτὰς αἰτίας.
And country also differs from country in these respects, and water from water, on account of the same causes.
ποιὰ γάρ τις ἡ τροφὴ γίνεται μάλιστα, καὶ τοῦ σώματος ἡ διάθεσις, διά τε τὴν κρᾶσιν τοῦ περιεστῶτος ἀέρος καὶ τῶν εἰσιόντων, μάλιστα δὲ διὰ τὴν τοῦ ὕδατος τραφήν· τοῦτο γὰρ πλεῖστον εἰσφέρονται, καὶ ἐν πᾶσίν ἐστὶ τροφὴ τοῦτο, καὶ ἐν τοῖς ξηροῖς.
For the nourishment and the disposition of the body become of a certain quality, chiefly on account of the temperament of the surrounding air and of the things that enter, but most of all on account of the nourishment of water; for they take this in the largest quantity, and this is nourishment in all things, even in dry things.
διὸ καὶ τὰ ἀτέραμνα ὕδατα καὶ ψυχρὰ τὰ μὲν ἀτεκνίαν ποιεῖ τὰ δὲ θηλυτοκίαν.
Wherefore also hard and cold waters produce in some cases infertility, and in others the birth of females.