§3.4Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἐν αὑτοῖς μὲν ᾠοτοκούντων τέλειον ᾠὸν θύραζε δὲ ζῳοτοκούντων τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον ἡ γένεσις, οἱ δὲ πλεῖστοι τῶν ἄλλων ἰχθύων ἐκτὸς ᾠοτοκοῦσιν, ἀτελὲς δ᾽ ᾠὸν πάντες πλὴν βατράχου· περὶ δὲ τούτου τὸ αἴτιον εἴρηται πρότερον.
So, regarding those that produce a perfect egg within themselves but bring forth young alive externally, their generation takes place in this manner. However, most of the other fishes lay their eggs externally, and all except the angler-fish lay an imperfect egg; and the cause of this latter has been stated before.
εἴρηται δὲ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἀτελῆ τικτόντων τὸ αἴτιον.
The cause has also been stated for those that lay imperfect eggs.
ἡ δὲ γένεσις καὶ τούτων ἡ μὲν ἐκ τοῦ ᾠοῦ τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχει τρόπον ὅνπερ καὶ τῶν σελαχῶν τῶν ἐντὸς ᾠοτοκούντων, πλὴν ἥ γ᾽ αὔξησις ταχεῖα καὶ ἐκ μικρῶν, καὶ τὸ ἔσχατον τοῦ ᾠοῦ σκληρότερον.
The generation of these also, so far as development from the egg is concerned, proceeds in the same manner as that of the selachia which produce eggs internally, except that at least their growth is rapid and starts from small beginnings, and the outermost part of the egg is harder.
ἡ δὲ τοῦ ᾠοῦ αὔξησις ὁμοία τοῖς σκώληξίν ἐστιν· καὶ γὰρ τὰ σκωληκοτοκοῦντα τῶν ζῴων μικρὸν ἀποτίκτει τὸ πρῶτον, τοῦτο δ᾽ αὐξάνεται δι᾽ αὑτοῦ καὶ οὐ διὰ πρόσφυσιν οὐδεμίαν.
The growth of the egg is similar to that of worms; for those animals that produce worms bring forth a small thing at first, and this grows by itself and not by any attachment.
τὸ δ᾽ αἴτιον παραπλήσιον ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῆς ζύμης· καὶ γὰρ ἡ ζύμη ἐκ μικρᾶς μεγάλη γίνεται τοῦ μὲν στερεωτέρου ὑγραινομένου, τοῦ δ᾽ ὑγροῦ πνευματουμένου.
The cause is very similar to what happens in the case of leaven; for leaven becomes large from a small beginning, as the more solid part becomes fluid and the fluid part becomes aerated.
δημιουργεῖ δὲ τοῦτο ἡ τοῦ ψυχικοῦ θερμοῦ φύσις ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις, ἐν δὲ ταῖς ζύμαις ἡ τοῦ χυμοῦ τοῦ συγκραθέντος θερμότης.
In animals, the nature of the psychical heat produces this, while in leaven, it is the heat of the mixed juice.
αὐξάνεται μὲν οὖν τὰ ᾠὰ ἐξ ἀνάγκης μὲν διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν (ἔχει γὰρ περίττωμα ζυμῶδες), χάριν δὲ τοῦ βελτίονος· ἐν ταῖς ὑστέραις γὰρ ἀδύνατον αὐτοῖς λαμβάνειν᾽ ὅλην τὴν αὔξησιν διὰ τὴν τῶν ζῴων πολυτοκίαν τούτων.
Thus, on the one hand, the eggs grow by necessity due to this cause (for they contain a leaven-like residue), but on the other hand, they do so for the sake of the better; for in these animals, because of their great fecundity, it is impossible for the eggs to receive their full growth within the uterus.
διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ μικρα πάμπαν ἀποκρίνεται καὶ ταχεῖαν λαμβάνει τὴν αὔξησιν, μικρὰ μὲν διὰ τὸ στενοχωρῆ τὴν ὑστέραν εἶναι πρὸς τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ᾠῶν, ταχὺ δ᾽ ὅπως μὴ χρονιζόντων ἐν τῇ γενέσει περὶ τὴν αὔξησιν φθείρηται τὸ γένος, ἐπεὶ καὶ νῦν τὰ πολλὰ φθείρεται τῶν ἐκτικτομένων κυημάτων·
For this reason, they are discharged when entirely small and acquire their growth rapidly—small because the uterus is too confined for the multitude of the eggs, and rapidly so that the species may not perish by spending too much time over their growth during generation, since even as it is, most of the fetuses produced are destroyed.
διόπερ πολύγονόν ἐστι τὸ γένος τὸ τῶν ἰχθύων· ἀναμάχεται γὰρ ἡ φύσις τῷ πλήθει τὴν φθοράν, εἰσὶ δέ τινες οἳ διαρρήγνυνται τῶν ἰχθύων, οἷον ἡ καλουμένη βελόνη, διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῶν ᾠῶν αὕτη γὰρ ἀντὶ τοῦ πολλὰ μεγάλα τὰ κυήματα ἴσχει· τοῦ γὰρ πλήθους ἡ φύσις ἀφελοῦσα προσέθηκε πρὸς τὸ μέγεθος.
Therefore, the class of fishes is extremely prolific; for nature counterbalances the destruction by means of multitude. But there are some of the fishes that burst asunder, such as the so-called pipefish, because of the size of their eggs; for this fish, instead of having many, has large fetuses; for nature has taken away from the quantity and added to the size.