§3.11#3τὰ δὲ καλούμενα γῆς ἔντερα σκώληκος ἔχει φύσιν, ἐν οἷς ἐγγίνεται τὸ σῶμα τὸ τῶν ἐγχέλεων.
And the so-called earthworms have the nature of a worm, in which the body of eels is generated.
διὸ καὶ περὶ τῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ τετραπόδων γενέσεως ὑπολάβοι τις ἄν, εἴπερ ἐγίγνοντό ποτε γηγενεῖς, ὥσπερ φασί τινες, δύο τρόπων γίνεσθαι τὸν ἕτερον· ἢ γὰρ ὡς σκώληκος συνισταμένου τὸ πρῶτον ἢ ἐξ ᾠῶν.
Wherefore also concerning the generation of humans and quadrupeds, if indeed they were ever earth-born, as some say, one might suppose that they were generated in one of two ways: for either by a worm being constituted first, or from eggs.
ἀναγκαῖον γὰρ ἢ ἐν αὑτοῖς ἔχειν τὴν τροφὴν εἰς τὴν αὔξησιν τὸ δὲ τοιοῦτον κύημα σκώληξ ἐστίν) ἢ λαμβάνειν ἄλλοθεν, τοῦτο δ’ ἢ ἐκ τῆς γεννώσης ἢ ἐκ μορίου τοῦ κυήματος.
For it is necessary either that they have the food for growth in themselves (and such an embryo is a worm) or that they receive it from elsewhere, and this either from the female parent or from a part of the embryo.
ὥστ’ εἰ θάτερον ἀδύνατον, ἐπιρρεῖν ἐκ τῆς γῆς ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις ἐκ τῆς μητρός, ἀναγκαῖον ἐκ μορίου λαμβάνειν τοῦ κυήματος· τὴν δὲ τοιαύτην ἐξ ᾠοῦ λέγομεν εἶναι γένεσιν.
So that if the former is impossible, namely to flow in from the earth just as from the mother in other animals, it is necessary to receive it from a part of the embryo; and such a generation we say is from an egg.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν, εἴπερ ἦν τις ἀρχὴ τῆς γενέσεως πᾶσι τοῖς ζῴοις, εὔλογον τοῖν δυοῖν τούτοιν εἶναι τὴν ἑτέραν, φανερόν· ἧττον δ’ ἔχει λόγον ἐκ τῶν ᾠῶν.
That therefore, if indeed there was some beginning of generation for all animals, it is reasonable that it was one of these two, is clear; but that from eggs has less reason.
οὐθενὸς γὰρ τοιαύτην ὁρῶμεν ζῴου γένεσιν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἑτέραν, καὶ τῶν ἐναίμων τῶν ῥηθέντων καὶ τῶν ἀναίμων.
For we see the generation of no animal to be of such a kind, but rather the other kind, both among the mentioned blooded animals and the bloodless ones.
τοιαῦτα δ’ ἐστὶ τῶν τ’ ἐντόμων ἔνια καὶ τὰ ὀστρακόδερμα, περὶ ὧν ὁ λόγος· οὐ γὰρ ἐκ μορίου γίνονταί τινος, ὥσπερ τὰ ᾠοτοκούμενα.
And of such a kind are some of the insects and the testaceans, about which is our discourse; for they are not generated from some part, as are those produced from eggs.
ποιοῦνται δὲ καὶ τὴν αὔξησιν ὁμοίως τοῖς σκώληξιν.
And they also make their growth in a manner similar to worms.
ἐπὶ τὰ ἄνω γὰρ καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐξάνονται οἱ σκώληκες· ἐν τῷ κάτω γὰρ ἡ τροφὴ τοῖς ἄνω.
For worms grow toward the upper part and the origin; for the food for the upper parts is in the lower.
καὶ τοῦτό γε ὁμοίως ἔχει τοῖς ἐκ τῶν ᾠῶν, πλὴν ἐκεῖνα μὲν καταναλίσκει πᾶν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς σκωληκοτοκουμένοις, ὅταν αὐξηθῇ ἐκ τῆς ἐν τῷ κάτω μορίῳ συστάσεως τὸ ἄνω μόριον, οὕτως ἐκ τοῦ ὑπολοίπου διαρθροῦται τὸ κάτωθεν.
And this indeed is similar to those from eggs, except that those consume the whole, whereas in those produced as worms, when the upper part has grown from the constitution in the lower part, then the lower part is articulated from the remainder.
αἴτιον δ’ ὅτι καὶ ὕστερον ἡ τροφὴ ἐν τῷ μορίῳ τῷ ὑπὸ τὸ ὑπόζωμα γίνεται πᾶσιν.
And the cause is that also later on, food is contained in the part under the diaphragm in all animals.
ὅτι δὲ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον ποιεῖται τὰ σκωληκώδη τὴν αὔξησιν, δῆλον ἐπὶ τῶν μελιττῶν καὶ τῶν τοιούτων· κατ’ ἀρχὰς γὰρ τὸ μὲν κοούτω μόριον μέγα ἔχουσι, τὸ δ’ ἄνω ἔλαττον.
And that worm-like creatures make their growth in this manner is clear in the case of bees and suchlike; for in the beginning they have the lower part large, and the upper part smaller.
καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ἔχει τὰ περὶ τὴν αὔξησιν.
And in the case of testaceans, the matters concerning growth are in the same manner.
φανερὸν δὲ καὶ τοῦτ’ ἐπὶ τῶν στρομβωδῶν ταῖς ἑλίκαις· ἀεὶ γὰρ αὐξανομένων γίνονται πλείους ἐπὶ τὸ πρόσθιον καὶ τὴν καλουμένην κεφαλήν.
And this is clear also in the case of spiral-shelled ones by their whorls; for as they always grow, more whorls are added toward the front and the so-called head.
ὃν μὲν οὗν τρόπον ἔχει ἡ γένεσις καὶ τούτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν αὐτομάτων, εἴρηται σχεδόν·
In what manner, then, the generation of these and the other spontaneous creatures occurs, has been pretty much said.
ὅτι δὲ συνίσταται αὐτόματα πάντα τὰ ὀστρακόδερμα, φανερὸν ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων, ὅτι πρός τε τοῖς πλοίοις γίνεται σηπομένης τῆς ἀφρώδους ἰλύος, καὶ πολλαχοῦ, οὗ πρότερον οὐθὲν ὑπῆρχε τοιοῦτον, ὕστερον δι’ ἔνδειαν ὑγροῦ τοῦ τόπου βορβορωθέντος ἐγένετο τὰ καλούμενα λιμνόστρεα τῶν ὀστρακηρῶν, οἷον περὶ Ῥόδον παραβαλόντος ναυτικοῦ στόλου καὶ ἐκβληθέντων κεραμίων εἰς τὴν θάλατταν, χρόνου γενομένου καὶ βορβόρου περὶ αὐτὰ συναλισθέντος, ὄστρεα εὑρίσκοντ’ ἐν αὐτοῖς, ὅτι δ’ οὐδ’ ἀφίησι τὰ τοιαῦτα οὐθὲν ἀφ’ αὑτῶν γεννητικόν, τεκμήριον·
That all testaceans are constituted spontaneously is clear from such facts as that they are generated near ships when frothy mud decays, and in many places, where previously nothing of the kind existed, later, when the place became muddy through lack of moisture, the so-called lagoon-oysters among the testaceans were generated. For instance, around Rhodes, when a naval fleet anchored and earthenware vessels were cast into the sea, when time had elapsed and mud had collected around them, oysters were found in them.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ Χῖοί τινες ἐκ Πύρρας τῆς ἐν Λέσβῳ τῶν ὀστρέων διεκόμισαν ζῶντα καὶ εἰς τόπους τινὰς τῆς θαλάττης εὐριπώδεις καὶ ὁμοίους ἀφεῖσαν, πλείω μὲν τῷ χρόνῳ οὐδὲν ἐγένετο, τὸ δὲ μέγεθος εἰς αὔξησιν ἐπέδωκε πολύ.
And that such creatures emit nothing generative from themselves is proved by this: for when certain Chians transported live oysters from Pyrrha in Lesbos and released them into certain narrow, current-swept parts of the sea similar to the original ones, they did not increase in number over time, but they grew very much in size.
τὰ δὲ λεγόμενα ᾠὰ οὐθὲν συμβάλλεται πρὸς τὴν γένεσιν, ἀλλ’ ἐστὶν εὐτροφίας σημεῖον, οἷον ἐν τοῖς ἐναίμοις ἡ πιότης· διὸ καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἐδωδὴν γίνεται εὔχυμα κατὰ τοὺς καιροὺς τούτους.
And the so-called eggs contribute nothing toward generation, but are a sign of good nutrition, like fatness in blooded animals; wherefore also they become flavorful for eating at these seasons.
σημεῖον δ’ ὅτι τὰ τοιαῦτα ἀεὶ ἔχουσιν, οἷον αἱ πίνναι καὶ οἱ κήρυκες καὶ αἱ πορφύραι, πλὴν ὁτὲ μὲν μείζω ὁτὲ δ’ ἐλάττω.
And a sign is that they always have such things, as for instance the pinnae, the whelks, and the purple-fish, except that sometimes they are larger and sometimes smaller.
ἔνια δ’ οὐκ ἀεί, ἀλλὰ τοῦ μὲν ἔαρος ἔχουσι, προβαινούσης δὲ φθίνει τῆς ὥρας, καὶ τέλος ἀφανίζεται πάμπαν, οἷον οἵ τε κτένες καὶ οἱ μύες καὶ τὰ καλούμενα λιμνόστρεα· ἡ γὰρ ὥρα αὕτη συμφέρει τοῖς σώμασιν αὐτῶν.
But some do not have them always, but they have them in the spring, and as the season advances they decrease, and finally disappear altogether, as for instance the scallops, the mussels, and the so-called lagoon-oysters; for this season is beneficial to their bodies.
τοῖς δὲ συμβαίνει τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν ἐπίδηλον, οἷον τοῖς τηθύοις.
While in others nothing of the kind is conspicuous, as in the ascidians.
τὰ δὲ καθ’ ἕκαστα περὶ τούτων, καὶ ἐν οἷς γίνονται τόποις, ἐκ τῆς ἱστορίας θεωρείσθω.
But the particulars concerning these, and in what places they are generated, must be investigated from the Inquiries.