§2.6#1Γίνεται δὲ μετὰ τὴν ἀρχήν, ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη, τὰ ἐντὸς πρότερον τῶν ἐκτός.
And after the principle, as was said, the internal parts come to be before the external ones.
φαίνεται δὲ πρότερα τὰ μέγεθος ἔχοντα τῶν ἐλαττόνων, οὐδ’ ἔνια γιγνόμενα. πρότερον.
And those parts which have size appear earlier than the smaller ones, even though some of them do not come to be earlier.
πρῶτον δὲ τὰ ἄνω διαρθροῦται τοῦ διαζώματος, καὶ διαφέρει μεγέθει· τὸ δὲ κάτω καὶ ἔλαττον καὶ ἀδιοριστότερον.
And first the parts above the diaphragm are articulated, and they surpass in size; whereas the part below is both smaller and less differentiated.
καὶ τοῦτο γίγνεται ἐν πᾶσιν, ὅσοις τὸ ἄνω καὶ τὸ κάτω διώρισται, πλὴν ἐν τοῖς ἐντόμοις· τούτων δ’ ἐν τοῖς σκωληκοτοκουμένοις ἐπὶ τὸ ἄνω ἡ αὔξησις γίνεται· τὸ γὰρ ἄνω ἐξ ὑπαρχῆς ἔλαττον.
And this happens in all animals in which the upper and lower are distinguished, except in insects; among these, in those that produce larvae, the growth takes place towards the upper part, for the upper is smaller from the beginning.
ἀδιόριστον δὲ καὶ τὸ ἄνω καὶ τὸ κάτω τοῖς μαλακίοις τῶν πορευτικῶν μόνοις.
And the upper and lower are undistinguished among locomotion-capable animals in the cephalopods alone.
τὸ δὲ λεχθὲν συμβαίνει καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν φυτῶν, τὸ προτερεῖν τῇ γενέσει τὸ ἄνω κύτος τοῦ κάτωθεν· τὰς γὰρ ῥίζας πρότερον ἀφιᾶσι τὰ σπέρματα τῶν πτόρθων.
And what was said happens also in the case of plants: the upper cavity precedes in generation the lower part; for seeds shoot out roots before twigs.
διορίζεται δὲ τὰ μέρη τῶν ζῴων πνεύματι, οὐ μέντοι οὔτε τῷ τῆς γεννώσης οὔτε τῷ αὐτοῦ, καθάπερ τινὲς τῶν φυσικῶν φασίν.
And the parts of animals are differentiated by breath, yet not by that of the mother nor by its own, as some of the natural philosophers say.
φανερὸν γὰρ τοῦτο ἐπὶ τῶν ὀρνίθων καὶ τῶν ἰχθύων καὶ τῶν ἐντόμων.
For this is clear in the case of birds, fishes, and insects.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ χωρισθέντα τῆς γεννώσης γίνεται ἐξ ᾠοῦ, ἐν ᾧ λαμβάνει τὴν διάρθρωσιν· τὰ δ’ ὅλως οὐκ ἀναπνεῖ τῶν ζῴων, σκωληκοτοκεῖται δὲ καὶ ᾠοτοκεῖται· τὰ δ’ ἀναπνέοντα καὶ ἐν τῇ μήτρᾳ λαμβάνοντα τὴν διάρθρωσιν οὐκ ἀναπνεῖ, πρὶν ἢ ὁ πλεύμων λάβῃ τέλος· διαρθροῦται δὲ καὶ οὗτος καὶ τὰ ἔμπροσθεν μόρια πρὶν ἀναπνεῖν.
For some, having been separated from the mother, come to be from an egg, in which they receive their articulation; others of the animals do not breathe at all, being produced as larvae or eggs; and those that breathe and receive their articulation in the uterus do not breathe before the lung reaches completion; and both this and the parts in front of it are articulated before breathing.
ἔτι δ’ ὅσα πολυσχιδῆ τῶν τετραπόδων, οἷον κύων λέων λύκος ἀλώπηξ θώς, πάντα τυφλὰ γεννᾷ, καὶ διίσταται τὸ βλέφαρον γενομένων ὕστερον.
Furthermore, all those quadrupeds with split feet, such as the dog, lion, wolf, fox, and jackal, give birth to blind offspring, and the eyelid separates after they are born.
ὥστε δῆλον ὅτι τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις πᾶσι, καθάπερ καὶ τὸ ποιόν, καὶ τὸ ποσὸν γίνεται δυνάμει προϋπάρχον, ἐνεργείᾳ δ’ ὕστερον, ὑπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν αἰτίων ὑφ’ ὧνπερ καὶ τὸ ποιὸν διορίζεται, καὶ γίγνεται δύο ἐξ ἑνός.
So it is clear that in the same way in all other cases, just as quality, so also quantity comes to be, pre-existing potentially, but in actuality later, by the same causes by which quality is also differentiated, and two come to be out of one.
πνεῦμα δ’ ὑπάρχειν ἀναγκαῖον, ὅτι ὑγρὸν καὶ θερμόν, τοῦ μὲν ποιοῦντος, τοῦ δὲ πάσχοντος.
And it is necessary that breath should be present, because there is liquid and hot, the one acting and the other being acted upon.
τῶν δ’ ἀρχαίων τινὲς φυσιολόγων τί μετὰ τί γίγνεται τῶν μορίων ἐπειράθησαν λέγειν, οὐ λίαν ἐμπειρικῶς ἔχοντες τῶν συμβαινόντων.
Some of the ancient physiologers attempted to say which of the parts comes to be after which, not being very experienced in what happens.
τῶν γὰρ μορίων, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων, πέφυκεν ἕτερον ἑτέρου πρότερον.
For of the parts, just as in other cases, one is by nature prior to another.
τὸ δὲ πρότερον ἤδη, πολλαχῶς ἐστίν, τό τε γὰρ οὗ ἕνεκα καὶ τὸ τούτου ἕνεκα διαφέρει, καὶ τὸ μὲν τῇ γενέσει πρότερον αὐτῶν ἐστί, τὸ δὲ τῇ οὐσίᾳ.
But 'prior' already has many senses; for that for the sake of which and that which is for the sake of this differ, and one of them is prior in generation, and the other in substantial being.
δύο δὲ διαφορὰς ἔχει καὶ τὸ οὗ ἕνεκα· τὸ μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις, τὸ δὲ ᾧ χρῆται τὸ οὗ ἕνεκα.
And that for the sake of which has also two differences: for one is that from which the movement starts, and the other is what that for the sake of which uses.
λέγω δ’ οἷον τό τε γεννητικὸν καὶ τὸ ὀργανικὸν τῷ γενομένῳ· τούτων γὰρ τὸ μὲν ὑπάρχειν δεῖ πρότερον, τὸ ποιητικόν, οἷον τὸ διδάξαν τοῦ μανθάνοντος, τοὺς δ’ αὐλοὺς ὕστερον τοῦ μανθάνοντος αὐλεῖν· περίεργον γὰρ μὴ ἐπισταμένοις αὐλεῖν ὑπάρχειν αὐλούς.
I mean, for example, the generative and the instrumental part for that which comes to be; for of these, the active producer must exist prior, like that which has taught prior to the learner, but the flutes later than the learner of flute-playing; for it is superfluous for those who do not know how to play the flute to possess flutes.
τριῶν δ’ ὄντων, ἑνὸς μὲν τοῦ τέλους, ὃ λέγομεν εἶναι οὗ ἕνεκα, δευτέρου δὲ τῶν τούτου ἕνεκα τῆς ἀρχῆς τῆς κινητικῆς καὶ γεννητικῆς (τὸ γὰρ ποιητικὸν καὶ γεννητικόν, ᾗ τοιαῦτα, πρὸς τὸ ποιούμενόν ἐστι καὶ γεννώμενον), τρίτου δὲ τοῦ χρησίμου καὶ ᾧ χρῆται τὸ τέλος, πρῶτον μὲν ὑπάρχειν ἀναγκαῖόν τι μόριον ἐν ᾧ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κινήσεως (καὶ γὰρ εὐθὺς τοῦτο μόριόν ἐστι τοῦ τέλους ἓν καὶ κυριώτατον), ἔπειτα μετὰ τοῦτο τὸ ὅλον καὶ τὸ τέλος, τρίτον δὲ καὶ τελευταῖον τὰ ὀργανικὰ τούτοις μέρη πρὸς ἐνίας χρήσεις.
Now, since there are three things, first the end, which we say is that for the sake of which; second, of the things for the sake of this, the moving and generative principle (for the productive and generative, as such, are relative to what is produced and generated); third, the useful thing which the end uses—it is necessary first that some part should exist in which is the principle of movement (for this is immediately one and the most principal part of the end), then after this the whole and the end, and thirdly and lastly the instrumental parts for these for certain uses.
ὥστ’ εἴ τι τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν, ὅπερ ἀναγκαῖον ὑπάρχειν ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις, τὸ πάσης ἔχον τῆς φύσεως ἀρχὴν καὶ τέλος, τοῦτο γίνεσθαι πρῶτον ἀναγκαῖον, ᾗ μὲν κινητικόν, πρῶτον, ᾗ δὲ μόριον τοῦ τέλους, μετὰ τοῦ ὅλου.
So that if there is any such part, which must exist in animals, containing the principle and end of their whole nature, this must come to be first: in so far as it is moving, first; but in so far as it is a part of the end, along with the whole.
ὥστε τῶν μορίων τῶν ὀργανικῶν ὅσα μέν ἐστι γεννητικὰ τῆν φύσιν, ἀεὶ πρότερον δεῖ ὑπάρχειν αὐτά (ἄλλου γὰρ ἕνεκά ἐστιν, ὡς ἡ ἀρχή), ὅσα δὲ μὴ τοιαῦτα τῶν ἄλλου ἕνεκα, ὕστερον.
So that of the instrumental parts, those which are by nature generative must always exist prior (for they are for the sake of something else, as the principle); but those which are not of this kind, though for the sake of something else, later.
διὸ οὐ ῥᾴδιον διελεῖν πότερα πρότερα τῶν μορίων, ὅσα ἄλλου ἕνεκα, ἢ οὗ ἕνεκα ταῦτα.
Therefore it is not easy to distinguish which parts are prior: those which are for the sake of something else, or that for the sake of which these exist.
παρεμπίπτει γὰρ τὰ κινητικὰ τῶν μορίων πρότερον ὄντα τῇ γενέσει τοῦ τέλους, τὰ δὲ κινητικὰ πρὸς τὰ ὀργανικὰ διελεῖν οὐ ῥᾴδιον.
For the moving parts happen to intervene as prior in generation to the end, and it is not easy to distinguish the moving from the instrumental parts.
καίτοι κατὰ ταύτην τὴν μέθοδον δεῖ ζητεῖν τί γίνεται μετὰ τί· τὸ γὰρ τέλος ἐνίων μὲν ὕστερον, ἐνίων δὲ πρότερον.
Yet one must investigate according to this method what comes to be after what; for the end is later than some things, but prior to others.
καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πρῶτον μὲν τὸ ἔχον τὴν ἀρχὴν γίνεται μόριον, εἶτ’ ἐχόμενον τὸ ἄνω κύτος.
And for this reason, first the part containing the principle comes to be, and then next to it the upper cavity.
διὸ τὰ περὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν καὶ τὰ ὄμματα μέγιστα κατ’ ἀρχὰς φαίνετα τοῖς ἐμβρύοις, τὰ δὲ κάτω τοῦ ὀμφαλοῦ, οἷον τὰ κῶλα, μικρά· τοῦ γὰρ ἄνω τὰ κάτω ἕνεκεν, καὶ οὔτε μόρια τοῦ τέλους οὔτε γεννητικὰ αὐτοῦ.
Therefore, the parts around the head and the eyes appear largest at the beginning in embryos, while the parts below the navel, such as the limbs, appear small; for the lower parts are for the sake of the upper, and are neither parts of the end nor generative of it.
οὐ καλῶς δὲ λέγουσιν οὐδὲ τοῦ διὰ τί τὴν ἀνάγκην, ὅσοι λέγουσιν ὅτι οὕτως ἀεὶ γίνεται, καὶ ταύτην εἶναι νομίζουσιν ἀρχὴν ἐν αὐτοῖς, ὥσπερ Δημόκριτος ὁ Ἀβδηρίτης, ὅτι τοῦ μὲν ἀεὶ καὶ ἀπείρου οὐκ ἔστιν ἀρχή, τὸ δὲ διὰ τί ἀρχή, τὸ δ᾽
And those do not speak well concerning the necessity of 'why', who say that it always comes to be so, and think that this is a principle in them—just as Democritus of Abdera, saying that there is no beginning of what is always and infinite, but that 'why' is a beginning, and...