§2.3#1τούτου δ’ ἐχόμενόν ἐστιν ἀπορῆσαι καὶ εἰπεῖν, εἰ τῶν προϊεμένων εἰς τὸ θῆλυ γονὴν μηθὲν μόριόν ἐστι τὸ εἰσελθὸν τοῦ γιγνομένου κυήματος, ποῦ τρέπεται τὸ σωματῶδες αὐτοῦ, εἴπερ ἐργάζεται τῇ δυνάμει τῇ ἐνούσῃ ἐν αὐτῷ διορίσαι τε δεῖ πότερον μεταλαμβάνει τὸ συνιστάμενον ἐν τῷ θήλει ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰσελθόντος τι ἢ ουθέν, καὶ περὶ ψυχῆς καθ’ ἣν λέγεται ζῷον (ζῷον δ’ ἐστι κατὰ τὸ μόριον τῆς ψυχῆς τὸ αἰσθητικόν) πότερον ἐνυπάρχει τῷ σπέρματι καὶ τῷ κυήματι ἢ οὔ, καὶ πόθεν.
Closely connected with this is to raise a difficulty and to state, if no part of the semen emitted into the female which enters becomes a part of the developing embryo, where does its bodily substance turn to, if indeed it works by the power inherent in it to frame the parts; and we must also determine whether the substance being constituted in the female receives anything from that which enters or nothing, and concerning the soul in virtue of which it is called an animal (and it is an animal in virtue of the sensory part of the soul), whether it is present in the semen and the embryo or not, and from where.
οὔτε γὰρ ὡς ἄψυχον ἂν θείη τις τὸ κύημα κατὰ πάντα τρόπον ἐστερημένον ζωῆς· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἧττον τά τε σπέρματα καὶ τὰ κυήματα τῶν ζῴων ζῇ τῶν φυτῶν, καὶ γόνιμα μέχρι τινός ἐστιν.
For one could not treat the embryo as completely inanimate, deprived of life in every way; for the seeds and embryos of animals live no less than plants, and are fertile up to a certain point.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν τὴν θρεπτικὴν ἔχουσι ψυχήν, φανερόν (δι’ ὅ τι δὲ ταύτην πρῶτον ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστι λαβεῖν, ἐκ τῶν περὶ ψυχῆς διωρισμένων ἐν ἄλλοις φανερόν)· προϊόντα δὲ καὶ τὴν αἰσθητικήν, καθ’ ἣν ζῷον.
That they possess the nutritive soul, then, is clear (and why it is necessary to acquire this first is clear from what has been determined elsewhere concerning the soul); and as they progress, they also acquire the sensitive soul, in virtue of which it is an animal.
οὐ γὰρ ἅμα γίνεται ζῷον καὶ ἄνθρωπος οὐδὲ ζῷον καὶ ἵππος, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων· ὕστερον γὰρ γίνεται τὸ τέλος, τὸ δ’ ἴδιόν ἐστι τὸ ἑκάστου τῆς γενέσεως τέλος.
For a thing does not become an animal and a human being at the same time, nor an animal and a horse, and similarly with the other animals; for the end comes later, and the proper characteristics of each are the end of its generation.
διὸ καὶ περὶ νοῦ, πότε καὶ πῶς μεταλαμβάνει καὶ πόθεν τὰ μετέχοντα ταύτης τῆς ἀρχῆς, ἔχει τ’ ἀπορίαν πλείστην, καὶ δεῖ προθυμεῖσθαι κατὰ δύναμιν λαβεῖν καὶ καθ’ ὅσον ἐνδέχεται.
Therefore, concerning the intellect too, when and how and from where those that share in this principle acquire it, presents the greatest difficulty, and we must be eager to grasp it as far as possible and to the extent that is permitted.
τὴν μὲν οὖν θρεπτικὴν ψθχὴν τὰ σπέρματα καὶ τὰ κυήματα τὰ χωριστὰ δῆλον ὅτι δυνάμει μὲν ἔχοντα θετέον, ἐνεργείᾳ δ’ οὐκ ἔχοντα, πρὶν ἢ καθάπερ τὰ χωριζόμενα τῶν κυημάτων ἕλκει τὴν τροφὴν καὶ ποιεῖ τὸ τῆς τοιαύτης ψυχῆς ἔργον.
Thus, as for the nutritive soul, it is clear that we must assume the seeds and the separated embryos possess it potentially, but do not possess it actually, until, like those embryos which are being separated, they draw nourishment and perform the function of such a soul.
πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ ἅπαντ’ ἔοικε ζῆν τὰ τοιαῦτα φυτοῦ βίον, ἑπομένως δὲ δῆλον ὅτι καὶ περὶ τῆς αἰσθητικῆς λεκτέον ψυχῆς καὶ περὶ τῆς νοητικῆς.
For at first all such things seem to live the life of a plant, and consequently it is clear that we must speak likewise of the sensitive and the intellectual soul.
πάσας γὰρ ἀναγκαῖον δυνάμει πρότερον ἔχειν ἢ ἐνεργείᾳ.
For it is necessary to possess them all potentially before actually.
ἀναγκαῖον δὲ ἤτοι μὴ οὔσας πρότερον ἐγγίνεσθαι πάσας, ἢ πάσας προϋπαρχούσας, ἢ τὰς μὲν τὰς δὲ μή, καὶ ἐγγίνεσθαι ἢ ἐν τιῆ ὕλιη μὴ εἰσελθούσας ἐν τῷ τοῦ ἄρρενος σπέρματι, ἢ ἐνταῦθα μὲν ἐκεῖθεν ἐλούσας, ἐν δὲ τῷ ἄρρενι ἢ θύραθεν ἐγγινομένας ἁπάσας ἢ μηδεμίαν ἢ τὰς μὲν τὰς δὲ μή.
And it is necessary either that they all arise within having not existed before, or that they all pre-exist, or some do and some do not, and that they arise either in the matter without having entered in the semen of the male, or having come from there into the semen, and within the male either they all arise from outside, or none, or some do and some do not.
ὅτι μὲν τοίνυν οὐχ οἷόν τε πάσας προϋπάρχειν, φανερόν ἐστιν ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων.
Now, that it is impossible for them all to pre-exist is clear from such considerations.
ὅσων γάρ ἐστιν ἀρχῶν ἡ ἐνέργεια σωματική, δῆλον ὅτι ταύτας ἄνευ σώματος ἀδύνατον ὑπάρχειν, οἷον βαδίζειν ἄνευ ποδῶν· ὥστε καὶ θύραθεν εἰσιέναι ἀδύνατον.
For as many principles whose activity is bodily, it is clear that these cannot exist without a body, as for instance walking without feet; so that it is also impossible for them to enter from outside.
οὔτε γὰρ αὐτὰς καθ’ αὑτὰς εἰσιέναι οἷόν τε ἀχωρίστους οὔσας, οὔτ’ ἐν σώματι εἰσιέναι· τὸ γὰρ σπέρμα περίττωμα μεταβαλλούσης τῆς τροφῆς ἐστίν.
For they can neither enter by themselves, being inseparable, nor enter in a body; for the semen is a residue of the nourishment when undergoing change.
λείπεται δὲ τὸν ηοῦν μόνον θύραθεν ἐπεισιέναι καὶ θεῖον εἶναι μόνον· οὐθὲν γὰρ αὐτοῦ τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ κοινωνεῖ σωματικὴ ἐνέργεια.
It remains, then, for the intellect alone to enter additionally from outside and to be alone divine; for no bodily activity shares in its activity.
πάσης μὲν οὖν ψυχῆς δύναμις ἑτέρου σώματος ἔοικε κεκοινωνηκέναι καὶ θειοτέρου τῶν καλουμένων στοιχείων· ὡς δὲ διαφέρουσι τιμιότητι αἱ ψυχαὶ καὶ ἀτιμίια ἀλλήλων, οὕτω καὶ ἡ τοιαύτη διαφέρει φύσις.
Now, the power of every soul seems to have shared in another body, one more divine than the so-called elements; and as souls differ from one another in value and lack of value, so also does this kind of nature differ.
πάντων μὲν γὰρ ἐν τῷ σπέρματι ἐνυπάρχει, ὅπερ ποιεῖ γόνιμα εἶναι τὰ σπέρματα, τὸ καλούμενον θερμόν.
For in the semen of all there is present that which makes the semen fertile, namely what is called 'heat'.