§1.8Τοῖς δὲ θήλεσι τὰ περὶ τὰς ὑστέρας ἀπορήσειεν ἄν τις ὃν τρόπον ἔχει· πολλαὶ γὰρ ὑπεναντιώσεις ὑπάρχουσιν αὐτοῖς.
As for females, one might be puzzled as to how the parts concerning the uterus are situated; for many contradictions exist in them.
οὔτε γὰρ τὰ ζῳοτοκοῦντα ὁμοίως ἔχει πάντα, ἀλλ’ ἄνθρωποι μὲν καὶ τὰ πεζὰ πάντα κάτω πρὸς τοῖς ἄρθροις, τὰ δὲ σελάχη ζῳοτοκοῦντα ἄνω πρὸς τῷ ὑποζώματι, οὔτε τὰ ᾠοτοκοῦντα, ἀλλ’ οἱ μὲν ἰχθύες κάτω καθάπερ ἄνθρω πος καὶ τὰ ζῳοτοκοῦντα τῶν τετραπόδων, οἱ δ’ ὄρνιθες ἄνω, καὶ ὅσα ᾠοτοκεῖ τῶν τετραπόδων.
For neither do all viviparous animals have them in the same way, but humans and all terrestrial animals have them below near the joints, whereas the selachians, though being viviparous, have them above near the diaphragm; nor do oviparous animals, but fish have them below just like humans and viviparous quadrupeds, while birds have them above, as do also all oviparous quadrupeds.
οὐ μὴν ἀλλ’ ἔχουσι καὶ αὗται αἱ ὑπεναντιώσεις κατὰ λόγον, πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ τὰ ᾠοτοκοῦντα ᾠοτοκεῖ διαφερόντως.
Nevertheless, these contradictions also are reasonable. For first, oviparous animals lay eggs in different ways.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἀτελῆ προΐεται τὰ ᾠά, οἷον οἱ ἰχθύες. ἔξω γὰρ ἐπιτελεῖται καὶ λαμβάνει αὔξησιν τὰ τῶν ἰχθύων.
For some emit imperfect eggs, such as fish; for the eggs of fish are completed and grow outside.
αἴτιον δ’ ὅτι πολύγονα ταῦτα, καὶ τοῦτ’ ἔργον αὐτῶν ὥσπερ τῶν φυτῶν.
And the cause is that these are very prolific, and this is their function, just as it is of plants.
εἰ οὖν ἐν αὑτοῖς ἐτελεσιούργουν, ἀναγκαῖον ὀλίγα τῷ πλήθει εἶναι· νῦν δὲ τοσαῦτα ἴσχουσιν ὥστε δοκεῖν ᾠὸν εἶναι τὴν ὑστέραν ἑκατέραν ἔν γε τοῖς μικροῖς ἰχθυδίοις.
If, then, they completed the eggs within themselves, it would be necessary for them to be few in number; but as it is, they have so many that each of the two uteri seems to be an egg, at least in small fish.
ταῦτα γὰρ πολυγονώτατά ἐστιν, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ἀνάλογον τούτοις ἐχόντων τὴν φύσιν, καὶ ἐν φυτοῖς καὶ ἐν ζῴοις· ἡ γὰρ τοῦ μεγέθους αὔξησις τρέπεται εἰς τὸ σπέρμα τούτοις.
For these are the most prolific, just as also in the case of other things that have a nature analogous to them, both in plants and in animals; for in these, growth in size is diverted into the generative product.
οἱ δ’ ὄρνιθες καὶ τὰ τετράποδα τῶν ᾠοτόκων τέλεια ᾠὰ τίκτουσιν, ἃ δεῖ πρὸς τὸ σώζεσθαι σκληρόδερμα εἶναι· μαλακόδερμα γάρ, ἕως ἂν αὔξησιν ἔχῃ, ἐστίν.
But birds and the oviparous quadrupeds lay perfect eggs, which, for their preservation, must be hard-shelled; for they are soft-shelled as long as they are growing.
τὸ δ’ ὄστρακον γίνεται ὑπὸ θερμότητος ἐξικμαζούσης τὸ ὑγρὸν ἐκ τοῦ γεώδους.
And the shell is formed by heat evaporating the moisture from the earthy matter.
ἀναγκαῖον οὖν θερμὸν εἶναι τὸν τόπον ἐν ᾧ τοῦτο συμβήσεται.
Therefore, the place in which this is to happen must be hot.
τοιοῦτος δ’ ὁ περὶ τὸ ὑπόζωμα· καὶ γὰρ τὴν τροφὴν πέττει οὗτος.
And such is the place around the diaphragm; for this also concocts the food.
εἰ οὖν, τὰ ᾠὰ ανάγκη ἐν τῇ ὑστέρᾳ εἶναι, καὶ τὴν ὑστέραν ἀνάγκη πρὸς τῷ ὑποζώματι εἶναι τοῖς τέλεια τὰ ᾠὰ τίκτουσι, τοῖς δ’ ἀτελῆ κάτω· πρὸ ὁδοῦ γὰρ οὕτως ἔσται.
If, then, it is necessary for the eggs to be in the uterus, it is also necessary for the uterus to be near the diaphragm in those that produce perfect eggs, but in those that produce imperfect eggs, below; for thus it will be conveniently on the way.
καὶ πέφυκε δὲ μᾶλλον ἡ ὑστέρα κάτω εἶναι ἢ ἄνω, ὅπου μή τι ἐμποδίζεα ἕτερον ἔργον τῆς φύσεως· κάτω γὰρ αὐτῆς καὶ τὸ πέρας ἐστίν· §1.9ὅπου δὲ τὸ πέρας, τὸ ἔργον· αὐτὴ δ’ οὗ τὸ ἔργον.
And indeed, the uterus is by nature disposed to be below rather than above, where some other function of nature does not impede; for its exit is also below; and where the exit is, there is the function; and the uterus itself is where its function is.
ἔχει δὲ καὶ τὰ ζῳοτοκοῦντα πρὸς ἄλληλα διαφοράν.
And viviparous animals also have differences among themselves.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ οὐ μόνον θύραζε ζῳοτοκεῖ ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν αὑτοῖς, οἷον ἄνθρωποί τε καὶ ἵπποι καὶ κύνες καὶ πάντα τὰ τρίχας ἔχοντα, καὶ τῶν ἐνύδρων δελφῖνές τε, καὶ φάλαιναι καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα κήτη.
For some are viviparous not only externally but also within themselves, such as humans, horses, dogs, and all hairy animals, and of aquatic animals, dolphins, whales, and such cetaceans.
§1.10τὰ δὲ σελάχη καὶ οἱ ἔχεις θύραζε μὲν ζῳοτοκοῦσιν, ἐν αὑτοῖς δ’ ᾠοτοκοῦσι πρῶτον.
But the selachians and vipers are viviparous externally, but first oviparous within themselves.
ᾠοτοκοῦσι δὲ τέλειον ᾠόν· ὅτως γὰρ γεννᾶται ἐκ τοῦ ᾠοῦ τὸ ζῷον, ἐξ ἀτελοῦς δὲ οὐθέν.
And they produce a perfect egg; for only thus is the animal generated from the egg, and nothing from an imperfect one.
θύραζε δὲ οὐκ ᾠοτοκοῦσι διὰ τὸ ψυχρὰ τὴν φύσιν εἶναι καὶ οὐχ ὥς τινές φασι θερμά.
But they do not lay eggs externally because they are cold in nature, and not, as some say, hot.